Measuring Star-formation Rate and Far-Infrared Color in High-redshift Galaxies Using the CO (7-6) and [NII] 205 micron Lines
Nanyao Lu, Yinghe Zhao, C. Kevin Xu, Yu Gao, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Vassilis Charmandaris, Hanae Inami, Justin Howell, Lijie Liu, Lee Armus, Joseph Mazzarella, Geor… 展开作者
Nanyao Lu, Yinghe Zhao, C. Kevin Xu, Yu Gao, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Vassilis Charmandaris, Hanae Inami, Justin Howell, Lijie Liu, Lee Armus, Joseph Mazzarella, George C. Privon, Steven D. Lord, David B. Sanders, Bernhard Schulz, Paul P. van der Werf
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6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table; accepted for publication in the ApJ Letter
To better characterize the global star formation (SF) activity in a galaxy, one needs to know not only the star formation rate (SFR) but also the rest-frame, far-infrared (FIR) color (e.g., the 60-to-100 $μ$m color, $C(60/100)$] of the dust emission. The latter probes the average intensity of the dust heating radiation field and scales statistically with the effective SFR surface density in star-forming galaxies including (ultra-)luminous infrared galaxies [(U)LIRGs]. To this end, we exploit here a new spectroscopic approach involving only two emission lines: CO\,(7$-$6) at 372 $μ$m and [NII] at 205 $μ$m. For local (U)LIRGs, the ratios of the CO (7$-$6) luminosity ($L_{\rm CO\,(7-6)}$) to the total infrared luminosity ($L_{\rm IR}$; 8$-$1000 $μ$m) are fairly tightly distributed (to within $\sim$0.12 dex) and show little dependence on $C(60/100)$. This makes $L_{\rm CO\,(7-6)}$ a good SFR tracer, which is less contaminated by active galactic nuclei (AGN) than $L_{\rm IR}$ and may also be much less sensitive to metallicity than $L_{\rm CO\,(1-0)}$. Furthermore, the logarithmic [NII] 205 $μ$m to CO (7$-$6) luminosity ratio is fairly steeply (at a slope of $\sim$$-1.4$) correlated with $C(60/100)$, with a modest scatter ($\sim$0.23 dex). This makes it a useful estimator on $C(60/100)$ with an implied uncertainty of $\sim$0.15 [or $\lesssim$4 K in the dust temperature ($T_{\rm dust}$) in the case of a graybody emission with $T_{\rm dust} \gtrsim 30$ K and a dust emissivity index $β\ge 1$]. Our locally calibrated SFR and $C(60/100)$ estimators are shown to be consistent with the published data of (U)LIRGs of $z$ up to $\sim$6.5.
Ionized interstellar gas is an important component of the interstellar medium and its lifecycle. The recent evidence for a widely distributed highly ionized warm interstellar gas with a density intermediate between the warm ionized medium (WIM) and compact HII regions suggests that there is a major gap in our understanding of the interstellar gas. Here we investigate the properties of the dense warm ionized medium (D-WIM) in the Milky Way using spectrally resolved SOFIA GREAT [NII] 205 micron line emission and Green Bank Telescope hydrogen radio recombination lines (RRL) data, supplemented by …
SPT0346-52 (z=5.7) is the most intensely star-forming galaxy discovered by the South Pole Telescope, with Sigma_SFR ~ 4200 Msol yr^-1 kpc^-2. In this paper, we expand on previous spatially-resolved studies, using ALMA observations of dust continuum, [NII]205 micron, [CII]158 micron, [OI]146 micron, and undetected [NII]122 micron and [OI]63 micron emission to study the multi-phase interstellar medium (ISM) in SPT0346-52. We use pixelated, visibility-based lens modeling to reconstruct the source-plane emission. We also model the source-plane emission using the photoionization code CLOUDY and fin…
Throughout this paper we present a new method to detect and measure emission lines in J-PAS up to $z = 0.35$. J-PAS will observe $8000$~deg$^2$ of the northern sky in the upcoming years with 56 photometric bands. The release of such amount of data brings us the opportunity to employ machine learning methods in order to overcome the difficulties associated with photometric data. We used Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) trained and tested with synthetic J-PAS photometry from CALIFA, MaNGA, and SDSS spectra. We carry out two tasks: firstly, we cluster galaxies in two groups according to the valu…
Aims: Temperature uncertainties plague our understanding of abundance variations within the ISM. Using the PHANGS-MUSE large program, we develop and apply a new technique to model the strong emission lines arising from HII regions in 19 nearby spiral galaxies at ~50 pc resolution and infer electron temperatures for the nebulae. Methods: Due to the charge-exchange coupling of the ionization fraction of the atomic oxygen to that of hydrogen, the emissivity of the observed [OI]6300/Ha line ratio can be modeled as a function of gas phase oxygen abundance (O/H), ionization fraction (f_ion) and elec…
We use the SPace Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) project as a template to demonstrate how deep spectrophotometric surveys covering large cosmological volumes over extended fields (1-15 square degrees) with a mid-IR imaging spectrometer (17-36 micron) in conjunction with deep 70 micron photometry with a far-IR camera, at wavelengths which are not affected by dust extinction can answer the most crucial questions in current galaxy evolution studies. A SPICA-like mission will be able for the first time to provide an unobscured three dimensional (3-D, i.e. x, y and redshif…
The [CII] fine-structure transition at 158 micron is frequently the brightest far-infrared line in galaxies. Due to its low ionization potential, C+ can trace the ionized, atomic, and molecular phases of the ISM. We present velocity resolved [CII] and [NII] pointed observations from SOFIA/GREAT on ~500 pc scales in the nearby galaxies M101 and NGC 6946 and investigate the multi-phase origin of [CII] emission over a range of environments. We show that ionized gas makes a negligible contribution to the [CII] emission in these positions using [NII] observations. We spectrally decompose the [CII] …
Herschel-SPIRE-Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the nearby spiral galaxy IC342
We present observations of the nearby spiral galaxy IC342 with the Herschel Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The spectral range afforded by SPIRE, 196-671 microns, allows us to access a number of 12CO lines from J=4--3 to J=13--12 with the highest J transitions observed for the first time. In addition we present measurements of 13CO, [CI] and [NII]. We use a radiative transfer code coupled with Bayesian likelihood analysis to model and constrain the temperature, density and column density of the gas. We find two 12CO components, one at 35 K and …
We provide a new method to derive heavy element abundances based on the unique suite of nebular lines in the mid- to far-infrared (IR) range. Using grids of photo-ionisation models that cover a wide range in O/H and N/O abundances, and ionisation parameter, our code HII-Chi-mistry-IR (HCm-IR) provides model-based abundances based on extinction free and temperature insensitive tracers, two significant advantages over optical diagnostics. The code is probed using a sample of 56 galaxies observed with $Spitzer$ and $Herschel$ covering a wide range in metallicity, $7.2 \lesssim 12+\log(O/H) \lesss…
We present observations of ionized gas outflows in eleven z$ =1.39-2.59$ radio-loud quasar host galaxies. Data was taken with the integral field spectrograph (IFS) OSIRIS and the adaptive optics system at the W.M. Keck Observatory targeting nebular emission lines (H$β$, [OIII], H$α$, [NII] and [SII]) redshifted into the near-infrared (1-2.4 \micron). Outflows with velocities of 500 - 1700 km\,s$^{-1}$ are detected in 10 systems on scales ranging from $<1$ kpc to 10 kpc with outflow rates from 8-2400 M$_\odot$yr$^{-1}$. For five sources, the outflow momentum rates are 4-80 times $L_{AGN}$/c, co…
We present the 0.85-2.5-micron discovery spectrum and multi-epoch photometry of the new high-redshift quasar ULAS J081621.47+213442.6 obtained using the GNIRS spectrograph of the Gemini North and near-infrared wide-field camera of the 4-m UKIRT telescopes. The redshift of ULAS J081621.47+213442.6 measured from the MgII 2799 emission line is z=7.461. The absolute magnitude of the quasar is M1450=-25.33. The black hole mass estimated using the MgII 2799 line and Eddington accretion rate are ~5x10^8Msun and ~0.7. The spectrum of ULAS J081621.47+213442.6 exhibits strong NIII] 1750 emission line of…
We present detailed observations of photoionization conditions and galaxy kinematics in eleven z$=1.39-2.59$ radio-loud quasar host galaxies. Data was taken with OSIRIS integral field spectrograph (IFS) and the adaptive optics system at the W.M. Keck Observatory that targeted nebular emission lines (H$β$,[OIII],H$α$,[NII]) redshifted into the near-infrared (1-2.4 \micron). We detect extended ionized emission on scales ranging from 1-30 kpc photoionized by stars, shocks, and active galactic nuclei (AGN). Spatially resolved emission-line ratios indicate that our systems reside off the star forma…
Estimating the Luminosities of Protostars with Limited Infrared Photometry
Middlebury College（米德尔伯里学院）；Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica（墨西哥国立自治大学，射电天文与天体物理研究所）；Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（天体生物学中心（CAB），西班牙国家科学技术研究委员会-国家航空航天技术研究所）；Universität Innsbruck（因斯布鲁克大学）；University of Vienna（维也纳大学）；State University of New York at Fredonia（纽约州立大学弗雷多尼亚分校）
While the Milky Way Nuclear star cluster has been studied extensively, how it formed is uncertain. Studies have shown it contains a solar and supersolar metallicity population that may have formed in-situ, along with a subsolar metallicity population that may have formed via mergers of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies. Stellar abundance measurements are critical to differentiate between formation scenarios. We present new measurements of [$M/H$] and $α$-element abundances [$α/Fe$] of two subsolar-metallicity stars in the Galactic Center. These observations were taken with the adaptive-opti…
Measuring Protoplanetary Disk Accretion with H I Pf-beta
在这项工作中，我们介绍了使用H I Pfund-β（4.6538微米）作为一个示踪剂的质量吸积从原行星盘到年轻的恒星。Pf-β是在NIRSPEC和CRIRES的CO基本发射调查中偶然发现的，样本量为120颗年轻恒星，检测到Pf-β发射。使用一个子样本的磁盘与先前测得的吸积光度，我们表明，Pf-beta线光度是很好的相关吸积光度在至少三个数量级的范围内。我们使用这种相关性，以获得吸积光度为所有120个目标，其中65个是以前未报道的文献。我们还报告了67个目标的吸积率，其中16个以前未测量过。我们的大样本量和探测高消光值的能力允许在不同类型的磁盘之间进行相对公正的比较。我们发现，在我们的样本中的过渡盘具有低于平均的Pf-beta线光度，因此吸积光度，在一个轻微的显着水平。我们还表明，高的Pf-beta等效宽度是一个签名的过渡磁盘与高内部磁盘的气体/尘埃比。相比之下，我们发现，磁盘的签名缓慢的磁盘风的PF-β光度相媲美的其他磁盘在我们的样本。最后，我们调查吸积率阶段I磁盘，包括显着嵌入的目标。我们发现，第一阶段和第二阶段磁盘具有统计上难以区分的Pf-β线光度，这意味着类似的吸积率，和阶段I磁盘的吸积率太低，是一致的静态吸积。相反，我们的研究结果是一致的观测和理论证据表明，第一阶段的对象经历情节，而不是静止，吸积。
