Glenn Barnich, Hernan A. Gonzalez, Alexander Maloney, Blagoje Oblak
In this note we point out that the one-loop partition function of three-dimensional flat gravity, computed along the lines originally developed for the anti-de Sitter case, reproduces characters of the BMS3 group.
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We evaluate the 1-loop partition function of conformal gravity in four dimensions around an $AdS_4$ background, using the heat kernel techniques. We give expressions for the relevant thermodynamical quantities and compare our results with the ones from the literature.
The one-loop partition function of the $f(R,R_{μν}R^{μν})$ gravity theory is obtained around AdS$_4$ background. After suitable choice of the gauge condition and computation of the ghost determinant, we obtain the one-loop partition function of the theory. The traced heat kernel over the thermal quotient of AdS$_4$ space is also computed and the thermal partition function is obtained for this theory. We have then consider quantum corrections to the thermodynamical quantities in some special cases.
The graviton 1-loop partition function in Euclidean topologically massive gravity (TMG) is calculated using heat kernel techniques. The partition function does not factorize holomorphically, and at the chiral point it has the structure expected from a logarithmic conformal field theory. This gives strong evidence for the proposal that the dual conformal field theory to TMG at the chiral point is indeed logarithmic. We also generalize our results to new massive gravity.
We discuss two-dimensional quantum gravity coupled to conformal matter and fixed area in a semiclassical large and negative matter central charge limit. In this setup the gravity theory -- otherwise highly fluctuating -- admits a round two-sphere saddle. We discuss the two-sphere partition function up to two-loop order from the path integral perspective. This amounts to studying Feynman diagrams incorporating the fixed area constraint on the round two-sphere. In particular we find that all ultraviolet divergences cancel to this order. We compare our results with the two-sphere partition functi…
We calculate the one loop partition function for topologically massive higher spin gravity (TMHSG) for arbitrary spin by taking the spin-3 TMHSG action constructed in arXiv:1107.0915 and subsequently generalising it for an arbitrary spin. We find that the final result can be put into a product form which cannot be holomorphically factorized giving strong evidence that the topologically massive higher spin gravity is dual to a high spin extension of logarithmic CFT rather than a chiral one.
We introduce flat space spin-3 gravity in the presence of chemical potentials and discuss some applications to flat space cosmology solutions, their entropy, free energy and flat space orbifold singularity resolution. Our results include flat space Einstein gravity with chemical potentials as special case. We discover novel types of phase transitions between flat space cosmologies with spin-3 hair and show that the branch that continuously connects to spin-2 gravity becomes thermodynamically unstable for sufficiently large temperature or spin-3 chemical potential.
We calculate the gravity one-loop partition function of three-dimensional parity even tricritical gravity. Agreement with logarithmic conformal field theory single-particle partition functions on the field theory side is found and we furthermore discover a partially massless limit of linearized six-derivative parity even gravity. Then we define a "truncation" of the critical theory, at the level of the partition function, by calculating black hole determinants via summation over quasi-normal mode spectra and discriminating against those modes which are not present in the physical spectrum. Thi…
The graviton 1-loop partition function is calculated for Euclidean generalised massive gravity (GMG) using AdS heat kernel techniques. We find that the results fit perfectly into the AdS/(L)CFT picture. Conformal Chern-Simons gravity, a singular limit of GMG, leads to an additional contribution in the 1-loop determinant from the conformal ghost. We show that this contribution has a nice interpretation on the conformal field theory side in terms of a semi-classical null vector at level two descending from a primary with conformal weights (3/2,-1/2).
Ricci Flat Black Holes and Hawking-Page Phase Transition in Gauss-Bonnet Gravity and Dilaton Gravity
在球形AdS黑洞和热AdS空间之间存在Hawking-Page相变。在Poincare坐标系中，视界为Ricci平坦空间的Ricci平坦AdS黑洞与热AdS空间之间不发生相变.然而，如果Ricci平坦黑洞的视界坐标中至少有一个是紧致的，那么在Ricci平坦AdS黑洞和AdS孤子之间会发生Hawking-Page相变.我们在Gauss-Bonnet引力和Liouville型势下的Ricci平坦黑洞和变形AdS孤子之间发现了类似的相变，其中包含了II型超引力中DP膜的球形约化所产生的规范超引力.与爱因斯坦引力相反，我们发现高温相可以由黑洞或变形的AdS孤子取决于参数。
Mass and angular momentum of asymptotically AdS or flat solutions in the topologically massive gravity
研究了拓扑有质量引力理论中渐近平坦和常曲率几何超对称解的守恒荷。
Algebraic aspects of the computation of partition functions for quantum gravity and black holes in $AdS_3$ are discussed. We compute the sub-leading quantum corrections to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. It is shown that the quantum corrections to the classical result can be included systematically by making use of the comparison with conformal field theory partition functions, via the $AdS_3/CFT_2$ correspondence. This leads to a better understanding of the role of modular and spectral functions, from the point of view of the representation theory of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras. Besides…
We calculate the free energy from the on-shell action for topologically massive gravity with negative and vanishing cosmological constant, thereby providing a first principles derivation of the free energy of Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) black holes and flat space cosmologies. We summarize related recent checks of flat space holography.
We provide the first evidence for a holographic correspondence between a gravitational theory in flat space and a specific unitary field theory in one dimension lower. The gravitational theory is a flat-space limit of topologically massive gravity in three dimensions at Chern-Simons level k=1. The field theory is a chiral two-dimensional conformal field theory with central charge c=24.
Partition Function on Not-flat Brane
我们证明了在非平坦D1-膜上的配分函数可以写成与平坦D1-膜上的配分函数相同的形式，并且是$α^\prime$ -序的。在这种情况下，膜位形的曲率信息包含在快子β函数中。
Horizon Edge Partition Functions in $Λ>0$ Quantum Gravity
本文研究了德西特空间和静态纳里亚时空中的引力及高自旋规范场的边界度自由谱，揭示了正宇宙学常数下一阶分区函数的新对称性破缺结构。
Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) spacetimes are exact solutions of 3D gravity theories. In this work, we study phase transition between FSC spacetimes and Hot Flat Spacetimes (HFS) in general minimal massive gravity and exotic general massive gravity. We show that similar to topological massive gravity the tunneling occurs between two spacetimes by comparing their free energies. We also obtain the corrections to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, and its effect on the phase transition is studied.
Some universalities in the partition functions of low-dimensional gravity models
本文通过全息和降维关联多种低维量子引力模型，研究其配分函数的普适性，并利用本征函数、纠缠熵等进一步验证。
We push forward the investigation of holographic dualities in 3D quantum gravity formulated as a topological quantum field theory, studying the correspondence between boundary and bulk structures. Working with the Ponzano-Regge topological state-sum model defining an exact discretization of 3d quantum gravity, we analyze how the partition function for a solid twisted torus depends on the boundary quantum state. This configuration is relevant to the AdS${}_{3}$/CFT${}_{2}$ correspondence. We introduce boundary spin network states with coherent superposition of spins on a square lattice on the b…
Explorations in 2+1 AdS Pure Gravity: Path Integral Formulation and Partition Function Analyses in BTZ Mini-Superspace
本文利用哈密顿方法在BTZ迷你超空间中建立2+1维AdS引力的路径积分表述，提出新测度并对所有几何构型求和，从而在不依赖共形场论的情况下得到BTZ黑洞和裸奇点的熵及其对数修正。
The study of cosmological perturbation theory in $f(T)$ gravity is a topic of great interest in teleparallel gravity since this is one of the simplest generalizations of the theory that modifies the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity. In this work, we explore the possibility of a non-flat FLRW background solution and perform perturbations for positively as well as negatively curved spatial geometries, together with a comparison to the flat case. We determine the generalized behaviour of the perturbative modes for this non-flat FLRW setting for arbitrary $f(T)$ models, when the most …
Three dimensional Euclidean pure gravity with a negative cosmological constant can be formulated in terms of the Chern-Simons theory, classically. This theory can be written in a supersymmetric way by introducing auxiliary gauginos and scalars. We calculate the exact partition function of this Chern-Simons theory by using the localization technique. Thus, we obtain the quantum gravity partition function, assuming that it can be obtained non-perturbatively by summing over partition functions of the Chern-Simons theory on topologically different manifolds. The resultant partition function is mod…
In this paper we describe an approach to construct semiclassical partition functions in gravity which are complete in the sense that they contain a complete description of the differentiable structures of the underlying 4-manifold. In addition, we find our construction naturally includes cosmic strings. We discuss some possible applications of the partition functions in the fields of both quantum gravity and topological string theory
We obtain an infinite number of exact static, Ricci-flat spherically symmetric vacuum solutions for a class of f(R) theories of gravity. We analytically derive two exact vacuum black-hole solutions for the same class of f(R) theories. The two black-hole solutions have the event-horizon at the same point; however, their asymptotic features are different. Our results suggest that no-hair theorem may not hold for generic modified gravity theories. We discuss the implications of our work to distinguish modified gravity theories from general relativity in gravitational wave detections.
Starting from the Chern-Simons formulation, the two-dimensional dual theory for three-dimensional asymptotically flat Einstein gravity at null infinity is constructed. Solving the constraints together with suitable gauge fixing conditions gives in a first stage a chiral Wess-Zumino-Witten like model based on the Poincaré algebra in three dimensions. The next stage involves a Hamiltonian reduction to a BMS3 invariant Liouville theory. These results are connected to those originally derived in the anti-de Sitter case by rephrasing the latter in a suitable gauge before taking their flat-space lim…
We compute the heat kernel for the Laplacians of symmetric transverse traceless fields of arbitrary spin on the $AdS$ background in even number of dimensions using the group theoretic approach introduced in \cite{Gopakumar:2011qs} and apply it on the partition function of six dimensional conformal gravity. The obtained partition function consists of the Einstein gravity, conformal ghost and two modes that contain mass.
The Partition Function in the Four-Dimensional Schwarz-type Topological Half-Flat Two-Form Gravity
本文导出了Schwarz型四维拓扑半平坦2-形式引力模型在K3-曲面或T^4-曲面上的配分函数，直至壳层单圈修正.在这个模型中，玻色子模空间描述了三个爱因斯坦-凯勒形式（超凯勒形式）的等价类。配分函数的被积函数由一些$\bar \partial$ -挠的乘积表示。
Deformed Special Relativity as an effective flat limit of quantum gravity
我们认为，一个（轻微）弯曲的时空探测有限的分辨率，相当于有限的最小长度，有效地描述了一个平坦的非交换时空。更准确地说，一个小的宇宙学常数（也就是常曲率）导致变形狭义相对论（DSR）中的卡帕变形庞加莱平坦时空。这种观点最终有助于理解DSR的一些令人困惑的特性。它还解释了如何DSR可以被认为是一个（真正的）量子引力理论的有效平坦（低能量）极限。这一观点使我们考虑一个可能的推广DSR任意曲率的动量空间和推测一个可能的制定有效的量子引力模型在这些条款。这也使我们提出了一个{ \it双变形狭义相对论}的框架来描述粒子运动学在一个有效的低能量描述的量子引力。
One-loop partition function of gravity with leaky boundary conditions
研究渐近AdS时空中泄漏边界条件对引力单圈配分函数的影响，通过JT引力耦合标量场模型揭示微分同胚破缺与反常，并推广至高维和dS。
The central object in the theory of semiclassical stochastic gravity is the noise kernel which is the symmetric two point correlation function of the stress-energy tensor. Using the corresponding Wightman functions in Minkowski, Einstein and open Einstein spaces, we construct the noise kernels of a conformally coupled scalar field in these spacetimes. From them we show that the noise kernels in conformally-flat spacetimes, including the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universes, can be obtained in closed analytic forms by using a combination of conformal and coordindate transformations.
We consider the approach to gravity in which four-dimensional curved spacetime is represented by a surface in a flat Minkowski space of higher dimension. After a short overview of the ideas and results of such an approach we concentrate on the study of the so-called splitting gravity, a form of this description in which constant value surface of a set of scalar fields in the ambient flat space-time defines the embedded surface. We construct a form of action which is invariant w.r.t. all symmetries of this theory. We construct the canonical formalism for splitting gravity. The resulting theory …
The two-sphere partition function in two-dimensional quantum gravity
本文研究了与具有大正中心荷的共形物质耦合的二维量子引力在双球上的欧几里得路径积分，通过 Weyl 规范简化为类时 Liouville 理论计算至两圈，并结合 DOZZ 公式提出了双球引力配分函数的全阶结果。
Partition Functions of Three-Dimensional Quantum Gravity and the Black Hole Entropy
我们分析了与AdS $_3$的欧几里得扇区中的量子引力配分函数有关的全息原理的各个方面。已知的贡献的总和分区功能可以准确地表示，包括校正，在形式的帕特森-塞尔伯格zeta函数涉及。
There has been renewed interest in the path-integral computation of the partition function of AdS3 gravity, both in the metric and Chern-Simons formulations. The one-loop partition function around Euclidean AdS3 turns out to be given by the vacuum character of Virasoro group. This stems from the work of Brown and Henneaux (BH) who showed that, in AdS3 gravity with sensible asymptotic boundary conditions, an infinite group of (improper) diffeomorphisms arises which acts canonically on phase space as two independent Virasoro symmetries. The gauge group turns out to be composed of so-called ``pro…
We consider the most general asymptotically flat boundary conditions in three-dimensional Einstein gravity in the sense that we allow for the maximal number of independent free functions in the metric, leading to six towers of boundary charges and six associated chemical potentials. We find as associated asymptotic symmetry algebra an isl(2)_k current algebra. Restricting the charges and chemical potentials in various ways recovers previous cases, such as BMS_3, Heisenberg or Detournay-Riegler, all of which can be obtained as contractions of corresponding AdS_3 constructions. Finally, we show …
We compute the vacuum energy of three-dimensional asymptotically flat space based on a Chern-Simons formulation for the Poincare group. The equivalent action is nothing but the Einstein-Hilbert term in the bulk plus half of the Gibbons-Hawking term at the boundary. The derivation is based on the evaluation of the Noether charges in the vacuum. We obtain that the vacuum energy of this space has the same value as the one of the asymptotically flat limit of three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space.
In the present paper we investigate the Hawking radiation of asymptotically non-flat dyonic black holes in 4D Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity in semi-classical approximation. We show that the problem allows an exact analytical treatment and we compute exactly the semi-classical radiation spectrum of both non-extremal and extremal black holes under consideration. In the high frequency regime we find that the Hawking temperature does not agree with the surface gravity when the magnetic charge is nonzero. Even more surprisingly the Hawking temperature is independent of the black hole intrinsic c…
3d Quantum Gravity Partition Function at 3 Loops: a brute force computation
本研究针对3维量子引力配分函数是否为1圈精确的问题，通过二阶度规表述下的3圈蛮力计算，验证了微扰高阶项的抵消，发现2圈图各自为零、3圈图经9个图抵消后为零，所用技术可推广至高圈与高维场景。
Partition Functions of Three-Dimensional Pure Gravity
具有负宇宙学常数的三维纯量子引力被证明是中心荷c= 24 k的极值共形场论（ECFT）的对偶。我们计算的配分函数的对偶ECFT通过求和的引力瞬子的贡献。特别地，我们对所有亏格和所有k值，推测了双质体对配分函数的贡献的精确表达式，并在亏格2处为猜想提供了非平凡的证据.
Hyperbolicity of Partition Function and Quantum Gravity
我们研究的配分函数，这是定义在五项关系的解决方案方面的几何。证明了在这个不变量的经典极限下，三维双曲结构或欧几里德AdS_3自然产生.本文讨论了定向理想四面体可以赋给弦的配分函数。
Flat space cosmology spacetimes are exact time-dependent solutions of 3-dimensional gravity theories, such as Einstein gravity or topologically massive gravity. We exhibit a novel kind of phase transition between these cosmological spacetimes and the Minkowski vacuum. At sufficiently high temperature (rotating) hot flat space tunnels into a universe described by flat space cosmology.
We propose a generalisation of the $T \bar{T}$ deformation to curved spaces by defining, and solving, a suitable flow equation for the partition function. We provide evidence it is well-defined at the quantum level. This proposal identifies, for any CFT, the $T \bar{T}$ deformed partition function and a certain wavefunction of 3d quantum gravity. This connection, true for any $c$, is not a holographic duality --- the 3d theory is a "fake bulk." We however emphasise that this reduces to the known holographic connection in the classical limit. Concretely, this means the deformed partition functi…
Lattice actions and amplitudes that perfectly mirror continuum physics are known as perfect discretizations. Such perfect discretizations naturally preserve the symmetries of the continuum. This is a key concern for general relativity, where diffeomorphism symmetry and dynamics are deeply connected, and diffeomorphisms play a crucial role in quantization. In this work we construct for the first time a perfect discretizations for four-dimensional linearized gravity. We show how the perfect discretizations do lead to a straightforward construction of the one-loop quantum corrections for manifold…
Flat space gravity at finite cutoff
本文研究了零宇宙学常数Einstein引力在共形边界条件下的热力学，发现其次扩展项与热有效场论预测一致，但负的首个次扩展修正违反了量子场论界限，表明引力在边界对偶中未完全解耦。
We attempt to understand the CFT$_1$ structure underlying (2+1)D gravity in flat spacetime via dimensional reduction. We observe that under superrotation, the hyperbolic (and dS$_2$) slices of flat spacetime transform to asymptotically (A)dS$_2$ slices. We consider a wedge region bounded by two such surfaces as End-of-the-World branes and employ Wedge holography to perform holographic reduction. We show that once we consider fluctuating branes, the localised theory on the branes is Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) theory. Finally, using the dual description of JT, we derive an 1D Schwarzian theory at th…
We study the behavior of holonomy spin foam partition functions, a form of lattice gauge gravity, on generic 4d-triangulations using micro local analysis. To do so we adapt tools from the renormalization theory of quantum field theory on curved space times. This allows us, for the first time, to study the partition function without taking any limits on the interior of the triangulation. We establish that for many of the most widely used models the geometricity constraints, which reduce the gauge theory to a geometric one, introduce strong accidental curvature constraints. These limit the curva…
One-Loop Correction to the AdS/BCFT Partition Function in the Three Dimensional Pure Gravity
该研究计算了带ETW膜的三维引力相关配分函数，树级结果与已有非旋转情形一致，单圈修正含鬼场涨落项，化学势为零时配分函数具物理性，态数恒正。
The recently proposed theory of "Asymptotically Free Mimetic Gravity" is extended to the general non-homogeneous, spatially non-flat case. We present a modified theory of gravity which is free of higher derivatives of the metric. In this theory asymptotic freedom of gravity implies the existence of a minimal black hole with vanishing Hawking temperature. Introducing a spatial curvature dependent potential, we moreover obtain non-singular, bouncing modifications of spatially non-flat Friedmann and Bianchi universes.
We construct the Carrollian equivalent of the relativistic energy--momentum tensor, based on variation of the action with respect to the elementary fields of the Carrollian geometry. We prove that, exactly like in the relativistic case, it satisfies conservation equations that are imposed by general Carrollian covariance. In the flat case we recover the usual non-symmetric energy--momentum tensor obtained using Nœther procedure. We show how Carrollian conservation equations emerge taking the ultra-relativistic limit of the relativistic ones. We introduce Carrollian Killing vectors and build as…
In the present work we find novel Newtonian gravity models in three spacetime dimensions. We first present a Maxwellian version of the extended Newtonian gravity, which is obtained as the non-relativistic limit of a particular $U(1)$-enlargement of an enhanced Maxwell Chern-Simons gravity. We show that the extended Newtonian gravity appears as a particular sub-case. Then, the introduction of a cosmological constant to the Maxwellian extended Newtonian theory is also explored. To this purpose, we consider the non-relativistic limit of an enlarged symmetry. An alternative method to obtain our re…
A consistent set of asymptotic conditions for higher spin gravity in three dimensions is proposed in the case of vanishing cosmological constant. The asymptotic symmetries are found to be spanned by a higher spin extension of the BMS3 algebra with an appropriate central extension. It is also shown that our results can be recovered from the ones recently found for asymptotically AdS3 spacetimes by virtue of a suitable gauge choice that allows to perform the vanishing cosmological constant limit.
Parting gravity's tail: quadrupole tails at fifth order and beyond via integer partitions
本文利用广义幺正性方法研究高阶引力四极矩尾，提出连接圈积分基底与整数分拆的算法以计算任意阶尾，并成功算出五重尾贡献，通过重整化分析验证了结果。
Recent works have demonstrated that one can construct a (d+2) dimensional solution of the vacuum Einstein equations that is dual to a (d+1) dimensional fluid satisfying the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. In one important example, the fluid lives on a fixed timelike surface in the flat Rindler spacetime associated with an accelerated observer. In this paper, we show that the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of the fluid takes the universal value 1/4πin a wide class of higher curvature generalizations to Einstein gravity. Unlike the fluid dual to asymptotically anti-de Sitter sp…
We show that bouncing open or flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmologies are inconsistent with worldsheet string theory to first approximation. Specifically, the Virasoro constraint translates to the null energy condition in spacetime at leading order in the alpha-prime expansion. Thus one must go beyond minimally-coupled Einstein gravity in order to find bounce solutions.
As an extension of arXiv:\{2002.02448, 2008.10740\} we present a physical protocol that a set of observers can use to detect a pure state in the bulk when they are spread across a small cut near $\mathcal{I}^+_-$ in flat spacetime. The protocol involves the modification of a bulk state using simple unitary operators and measurements of the energy of the state. The states that we study are constructed by acting with low energy operators on a vacuum state such that a perturbative analysis is valid. We restrict ourselves to $3+1$ dimensional spacetimes and only consider massless excitations. From…
From Asymptotically Flat Gravity to Finite Causal Diamonds
本文通过将渐近平坦引力的软 sector 相空间与闵氏时空中的球对称有限因果钻石相空间关联，揭示了引力子和Goldstone模的波动特性。
For any non-rotating effective quantum (uncharged) black hole model to be viable, its asymptotic structure of spacetime should reduce to that of a Schwarzschild black hole. After examining the asymptotic structure of quantum black holes proposed in Ashtekar et al., (2018), we find that the solution is actually not asymptotically flat. Departure from asymptotically flat spacetime is a direct consequence of the quantum parameters included in the model. Moreover, since the property of asymptotic flatness needs to be explicitly invoked, for instance, in relating the black hole and the white hole m…
We construct a two-dimensional action principle invariant under a spin-three extension of BMS$_3$ group. Such a theory is obtained through a reduction of Chern-Simons action with a boundary. This procedure is carried out by imposing a set of boundary conditions obtained from asymptotically flat spacetimes in three dimensions. When implementing part of this set, we obtain an analog of chiral WZW model based on a contraction of $sl(3,\mathbb{R}) \times sl(3,\mathbb{R})$. The remaining part of the boundary conditions imposes constraints on the conserved currents of the model, which allows to furt…
There is natural association of entropy with gravitational systems on one hand and partition of natural numbers on the other hand. We show that given a partition of natural numbers, it is possible to directly associate a metric with it. Gravity emerges from patterns in partition. In the process, metric and matter is unified into a fundamental notion of partition. More precisely, we find a common origin of Schwarzschild metric on one hand and black-hole entropy on the other hand. It immediately implies that information and metric are one and the same and any change in information is stored as c…
Finiteness of piecewise flat quantum gravity with matter
本文研究基于分段平坦时空三角剖分的量子引力与标准模型耦合，证明当路径积分测度中边长平方乘积的负幂次大于52.5时路径积分有限，并讨论了其对宇宙波函数、非微扰有效作用量、宇宙学常数和Starobinsky暴胀的意义。
Asymptotically flat black holes in $2+1$ dimensions are a rarity. We study the recently found black flower solutions (asymptotically flat black holes with deformed horizons), static black holes, rotating black holes and the dynamical black flowers (black holes with radiative gravitons ) of the purely quadratic version of new massive gravity. We show how they appear in this theory and we also show that they are also solutions to the infinite order extended version of the new massive gravity, that is the Born-Infeld extension of new massive gravity with an amputated Einsteinian piece. The same m…
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