There is natural association of entropy with gravitational systems on one hand and partition of natural numbers on the other hand. We show that given a partition of natural numbers, it is possible to directly associate a metric with it. Gravity emerges from patterns in partition. In the process, metric and matter is unified into a fundamental notion of partition. More precisely, we find a common origin of Schwarzschild metric on one hand and black-hole entropy on the other hand. It immediately implies that information and metric are one and the same and any change in information is stored as change in metric. Thus gravitational radiation carries black-hole entropy worth of information. There are three novel experimental predictions. First, we can retrieve information from the gravitational radiation emitted during merger. Second, if radiation with right information is sent in, black hole absorbs information and decays instead of increasing in mass. This is reverse process of black hole formation. Third, till now only known way of observing nature is through radiation and fields measured far from the source. There is a completely new way of seeing nature if we can capture the whole partition of the source in one go.
The idea of gravity as an "emergent" phenomenon has gained popularity in recent years. I discuss some of the obstacles that any such model must overcome in order to agree with the observational underpinnings of general relativity.
Field theories that are generally covariant but nongravitational at tree level typically give rise to an emergent gravitational interaction whose strength depends on a physical regulator. We consider emergent gravity models in which scalar fields assume the role of clock and rulers, addressing the problem of time in quantum gravity. We discuss the possibility of nontrivial dynamics for clock and ruler fields, and describe some of the consequences of those dynamics for the emergent gravitational theory.
In this paper, we study the collapsing scenario for the k-essence emergent Vaidya spacetime in the context of massive gravity's rainbow. For this study, we consider that the background metric is Vaidya spacetime in massive gravity's rainbow. We show that the k-essence emergent gravity metric resembles closely to the new type of generalized Vaidya massive gravity metric with the rainbow deformations for null fluid collapse where we consider the k-essence scalar field as a function solely of the advanced or the retarded time. The k-essence emergent Vaidya massive gravity rainbow mass function is…
We show that if one starts with a Universe with some matter and a cosmological constant, then quantum mechanics naturally induces an attractive gravitational potential and an effective Newton's coupling. Thus gravity is an emergent phenomenon and what should be quantized are the fundamental degrees of freedom from which it emerges.
We give a critical overview of various attempts to describe gravity as an emergent phenomenon, starting from examples of condensed matter physics, to arrive to more sophisticated pregeometric models. The common line of thought is to view the graviton as a composite particle/collective mode. However, we will describe many different ways in which this idea is realized in practice.
We discuss the relevance of quantum gravity to the frontier questions in high energy phenomenology: the problems of dark matter, dark energy, and vacuum selection as well as the problems of emergent spacetime and wormholes. Dark matter and dark energy phenomenology, and the problem of vacuum selection are discussed within the context of string theory as a model of quantum gravity. Emergent spacetime and wormholes are discussed in a more general context of effective theories of quantum gravity.
We explore emergent geometry of the spacetime at the microscopic scale by adiabatic transport of a quasi-coherent state of a fermionic string, with quantum spacetime described by the matrix theory (BFSS matrix model). We show that the generator of the Berry phase is the shift vector of the spacetime foliation by spacelike surfaces associated with the quasi-coherent state. The operator-valued generator of the geometric phase of weak adiabatic transport is the Lorentz connection of the emergent geometry which is not torsion free at the microscopic scale. The effects of the torsion seem consisten…
A direct and non-trivial link between Padmanabhan's entropy used in emergent gravity and standard GR action is established. To do that, Augmented Variational Principles (AVP) will be used. We shall discuss how this link accounts for the details of the variation of Padmanabhan's action based on gravitational entropy. It will also clarify the role of the background metric and its non-dynamical role.
General theory of relativity (or Lovelock extensions) is a dynamical theory; given an initial configuration on a space-like hypersurface, it makes a definite prediction of the final configuration. Recent developments suggest that gravity may be described in terms of macroscopic parameters. It finds a concrete manifestation in the fluid-gravity correspondence. Most of the efforts till date has been to relate equilibrium configurations in gravity with fluid variables. In order for the emergent paradigm to be truly successful, it has to provide a statistical mechanical derivation of how a given i…
We consider alternative inflationary cosmologies in massive gravity with degenerate reference metrics and study the feasibilities of the emergent universe scenario, bouncing and cyclic universes. We focus on the construction of the Einstein static universe, classes of exact solutions of bouncing and cyclic universes in degenerate massive gravity. We further study the stabilities of the Einstein static universe against both homogeneous and inhomogeneous scalar perturbations and give the parameters region for a stable Einstein static universe.
In this work we derive a generalized Newtonian gravitational force and show that it can account for the anomalous galactic rotation curves. We derive the entropy-area relationship applying the Feynman-Hibbs procedure to the supersymmetric Wheeler-DeWitt equation of the Schwarzschild black hole. We obtain the modifications to the Newtonian gravitational force from the entropic formulation of gravity.
We introduce a novel model of affine gravity, which implements the no-scale scenario. Namely, Planck mass and Hubble constant emerge dynamically, through the mechanism of spontaneous breaking of scale-invariance. Moreover, in our model the time direction and non--degenerate metric emerge dynamically as well. This naturally gives rise to the inflation and may server as a starting point for the "birth" of the Universe. We show that our model is phenomenologically viable, both from the perspective of the direct tests of gravity and cosmological evolution.
In this paper we examine a small but detailed test of the emergent gravity picture with explicit solutions in gravity and gauge theory. We first derive symplectic U(1) gauge fields starting from the Eguchi-Hanson metric in four-dimensional Euclidean gravity. The result precisely reproduces the U(1) gauge fields of the Nekrasov-Schwarz instanton previously derived from the top-down approach. In order to clarify the role of noncommutative spacetime, we take the Braden-Nekrasov U(1) instanton defined in ordinary commutative spacetime and derive a corresponding gravitational metric. We show that t…
While the idea of gravity as an emergent phenomenon is an intriguing one, little is known about concrete implementations that could lead to viable phenomenology, most of the obstructions being related to the intrinsic difficulties of formulating genuinely pregeometric theories. In this paper we present a preliminary discussion of the impact of critical behavior of certain microscopic models for gravity, based on group field theories, on the dynamics of the macroscopic regime. The continuum limit is examined in light of some scaling assumption, and the relevant consequences for low energy effec…
A homogeneous part of the Seiberg-Witten gauge equivalence relation for gauge fields can lead to solutions that involve matter fields in such a way that the gauge equivalence and the dimensional and index structures are preserved. In particular, we consider scalar fields coupled to U(1) gauge fields. The matter fields appear non-linearly in the map. As an application, we analyze the implication of this ambiguity to emergent gravity at the first order in noncommutative parameter and show that the new ambiguity restores the possibility of conformal coupling of real scalar density field that is c…
In 2016, Erik Verlinde proposed a new theory of gravity called "emergent gravity" by using mathematical formulas used in the theory of elasticity. In 2017, De-Chang Dai and Dejan Stojkovic claimed to point out inconsistencies in Verlinde's emergent gravity. We point out that their claim was based on misunderstanding of the dictionary between emergent gravity and theory of elasticity. In addition, we propose a slightly different formula for Verlinde's emergent gravity.
Many inequivalent approaches to study black holes yield identical results. Any meaningful theory of gravity should explain the origin of this property. Here we show that the basic holomorphic modes characterising the underlying two dimensional conformal symmetry near the horizon bring about this universality. Moreover these modes lead to a law of equipartition of energy for black holes which suggests a statistical origin of gravity. This emergent nature of gravity is further bolstered by showing the equivalence of entropy with the action $\left(S=-\frac{i}{\hbar}\,I\right)$ and expressing the …
Off-shell processes do not preserve the Energy Momentum Tensor (EMT) in QFT. Fixing the EMT throughout off-shell processes, implies a graviton-like quantum field to emerge without dynamics. Its dynamics are generated through quantum corrections. This Fixed Off-Shell Energy Condition (FOSEC) implies the existence of a linear gravity-like theory, and in special cases the full Poincarè gauge theory. In this work it is shown that imposing the FOSEC in QFT implies the emergence of a viable quantum theory of gravity.
Near the event horizon of a black hole, the effective theory is two dimensional conformal theory. Here we show that the holographic modes characterising this underlying conformal symmetry and the basic definition of entropy $S$ in statistical mechanics lead the equipartition law of energy. We also show that $S$ is proportional to the gravity action which suggests the emergent nature of gravity. This is further bolstered by expressing the generalised Smarr formula as a thermodynamic relation, $S = E/ 2T$, where $T$ is the Hawking temperature and $E$ is shown to be the Komar energy.
Gravity stands out among the fundamental interactions because of its apparent incompatibility with having a quantum description. Moreover, thermodynamic aspects of gravitation theory appears as puzzling features of some classical solutions such as black holes. These and other aspects of gravitational theories have recently lead to the proposal that gravity might not be a fundamental interaction but rather an emergent phenomenon, a sort of hydrodynamic limit of some more fundamental theory. In order to further explore this possibility we shall here discuss two systems where such emergence of a …
Matrix models of Yang-Mills type lead to an emergent gravity theory, which may not require fine-tuning of a cosmological constant. We find cosmological solutions of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker type. They generically have a big bounce, and an early inflation-like phase with graceful exit. The mechanism is purely geometrical, no ad-hoc scalar fields are introduced. The solutions are stabilized through vacuum fluctuations and are thus compatible with quantum mechanics. This leads to a Milne-like universe after inflation, which appears to be in remarkably good agreement with observation and may pro…
This dissertation investigates thermodynamic, emergent and holographic aspects of gravity in the context of causal diamonds. We obtain a gravitational first law for causal diamonds in maximally symmetric spacetimes and argue that these diamonds are in thermodynamic equilibrium at negative temperature. Further, gravitational field equations, including higher curvature corrections, are derived from an equilibrium condition on the generalized entropy of small maximally symmetric diamonds. Finally, we assign three holographic microscopic quantities to causal diamonds in spherically symmetric space…
We modify the construction of the spectral triple over an algebra of holonomy loops by introducing additional parameters in form of families of matrices. These matrices generalize the already constructed Euler-Dirac type operator over a space of connections. We show that these families of matrices can naturally be interpreted as parameterizing foliations of 4-manifolds. The corresponding Euler-Dirac type operators then induce Dirac Hamiltonians associated to the corresponding foliation, in the previously constructed semi-classical states.
There are many examples where geometry and gravity are concepts that emerge from a theory of quantum mechanics without gravity. This suggests thinking of gravity as an exotic phase of matter. Quantifying this phase in the Landau paradigm requires some sort of symmetry principle or order parameter that captures its appearance. In this essay we propose higher-form symmetries as a symmetry principle underlying emergent spacetime. We explore higher-form symmetries in gauge-gravity duality and explain how their breaking describes features of a gravitational theory. Such symmetries imply the existen…
We construct exact solutions to noncommutative gravity following the formulation of Chamseddine and show that they are in general accompanied by Abelian gauge fields which are first order in the noncommutative scale. This provides a mechanism for generating cosmological electromagnetic fields in an expanding space-time background, and also leads to multipole-like fields surrounding black holes. Exact solutions to noncommutative Einstein-Maxwell theory can give rise to first order corrections to the metric tensor, as well as to the electromagnetic fields. This leads to first order shifts in the…
It has been known for a long time that Einstein's field equations when projected onto a black hole horizon looks very similar to a Navier-Stokes equation in suitable variables. More recently, it was shown that the projection of Einstein's equation on to any null surface in any spacetime reduces exactly to the Navier-Stokes form when viewed in the freely falling frame. We develop an action principle, the extremization of which leads to the above result, in an arbitrary spacetime. The degrees of freedom varied in the action principle are the null vectors in the spacetime and not the metric tenso…
The theta expansion of the Seiberg-Witten map has ambiguities which can be removed by a gauge transformation and/or a field redefinition. In the context of emergent gravity such a field redefinition changes the emerging metric and requires the presence of non-minimal gravitational couplings. It also requires that a real scalar field becomes a scalar density and allows the introduction of a potential. We also find that the potential can have only one term and that a quartic interaction is not allowed. Even though the metric depends on the ambiguity we show that the dispersion relation does not …
We elaborate the description of the semi-classical gravity sector of Yang-Mills matrix models on a covariant quantum FLRW background. The basic geometric structure is a frame, which arises from the Poisson structure on an underlying $S^2$ bundle over space-time. The equations of motion for the associated Weitzenböck torsion obtained in arXiv:2002.02742 are rewritten in the form of Yang-Mills-type equations for the frame. An effective action is found which reproduces these equations of motion, which contains an Einstein-Hilbert term coupled to a dilaton, an axion and a Maxwell-type term for the…
Research during the last one decade or so suggests that the gravitational field equations in a large class of theories (including, but not limited to, general relativity) have the same status as the equations of, say, gas dynamics or elasticity. This paradigm provides a refreshingly different way of interpreting spacetime dynamics and highlights the fact that several features of classical gravitational theories have direct thermodynamic interpretation. I review the recent progress in this approach, achieved during the last few years.
We consider a class of Lorentz gauge gravity theories within Riemann-Cartan geometry which admits a topological phase in the gravitational sector. The dynamic content of such theories is determined only by the contortion part of the Lorentz gauge connection. We demonstrate that there is a unique Lagrangian that admits propagating spin one mode in correspondence with gauge theories of other fundamental interactions. Remarkably, despite the R^2 type of the Lagrangian and non-compact structure of the Lorentz gauge group, the model possesses rather a positive-definite Hamiltonian. This has been pr…
We show that the Hawking temperature is modified in the presence of dark energy in an emergent gravity scenario for Kerr-Newman(KN) and Kerr-Newman-AdS(KNAdS) background metrics. The emergent gravity metric is not conformally equivalent to the gravitational metric. We calculate the Hawking temperatures for these emergent gravity metrics along $θ=0$. Also we show that the emergent black hole metrics are satisfying Einstein's equations for large $r$ and $θ=0$. Our analysis is done in the context of dark energy in an emergent gravity scenario having $k-$essence scalar fields $ϕ$ with a Dirac-Born…
We show how Newtonian gravity emerges on 4-dimensional non-commutative spacetime branes in Yang-Mills matrix models. Large matter clusters such as galaxies are embedded in large-scale harmonic deformations of the space-time brane, which screen gravity for long distances. On shorter scales, the local matter distribution reproduces Newtonian gravity via local deformations of the brane and its metric. The harmonic ``gravity bag'' acts as a halo with effective positive energy density. This leads in particular to a significant enhancement of the orbital velocities around galaxies at large distances…
The framework of emergent gravity arising from Yang-Mills matrix models is developed further, for general noncommutative branes embedded in R^D. The effective metric on the brane turns out to have a universal form reminiscent of the open string metric, depending on the dynamical Poisson structure and the embedding metric in R^D. A covariant form of the tree-level equations of motion is derived, and the Newtonian limit is discussed. This points to the necessity of branes in higher dimensions. The quantization is discussed qualitatively, which singles out the IKKT model as a prime candidate for …
We describe an action principle, within the framework of the Eddington gravity, which incorporates the matter fields in a simple manner. Interestingly, the gravitational field equations derived from this action is identical to the Einstein's equations, in contrast with the earlier attempts in the literature. The cosmological constant arises as an integration constant in this approach. In fact, the derivation of the field equations demands the existence of a non-zero cosmological constant, thereby providing the raison d'être for a non-zero cosmological constant, implied by the current observati…
In this work, we consider an emergent universe in generalized gravity theories like the chameleon, f(R) and f(T) gravities. We reconstruct the potential of the chameleon field under the emergent scenario of the universe and observe its increasing nature with the evolution of the universe. We reveal that in the emergent universe scenario, the equation-of-state parameter behaves like quintessence in the case of f(R) gravity and like phantom in the case of f(T) gravity.
We show that quantum mechanical supersymmetries are emerged in Kaluza-Klein spectrum of linearized gravity in several warped backgrounds as a consequence of higher-dimensional general coordinate invariance. These emergent supersymmetries play an essential role for the spectral structure of braneworld gravity. We show that for the case of braneworld models with two codimension-1 branes the spectral pattern is completely determined only through the supersymmetries.
We investigate emergent gravity extending the paradigm of the AdS/CFT correspondence. The emergent graviton is associated to the (dynamical) expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor. We derive the general effective description of such dynamics, and apply it to the case where a hidden theory generates gravity that is coupled to the Standard Model. In the linearized description, generically, such gravity is massive with the presence of an extra scalar degree of freedom. The propagators of both the spin-two and spin-zero modes are positive and well defined. The associated emergent gravitat…
A introductory review to emergent noncommutative gravity within Yang-Mills Matrix models is presented. Space-time is described as a noncommutative brane solution of the matrix model, i.e. as submanifold of \R^D. Fields and matter on the brane arise as fluctuations of the bosonic resp. fermionic matrices around such a background, and couple to an effective metric interpreted in terms of gravity. Suitable tools are provided for the description of the effective geometry in the semi-classical limit. The relation to noncommutative gauge theory and the role of UV/IR mixing is explained. Several type…
Kaluza-Klein gravity is revisted, with renewed interest, in a type IIB string theory on $S^1\times K3$. The irreducible curvature tensors are worked out in the, T-dual, emergent gravity in 4D to yield a non-linear U(1) gauge theory. Interestingly, the T-duality may be seen to describe an open/closed string duality at a self-dual string coupling. The obtained deformation in $AdS_5$ black hole is analyzed to introduce the notion of temperature in the emergent gravity underlying the recent idea of entropic force.
Alternative scenarios to the Big Bang singularity have been subject of intense research for several decades by now. Most popular in this sense have been frameworks were such singularity is replaced by a bounce around some minimal cosmological volume or by some early quantum phase. This latter scenario was devised a long time ago and referred as an "emergent universe" (in the sense that our universe emerged from a constant volume quantum phase). We show here that within an improved framework of canonical quantum gravity (the so called Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity) the Friedmann equations for co…
We present an exposition on the geometrization of the electromagnetic force. We show that, in noncommutative (NC) spacetime, there always exists a coordinate transformation to locally eliminate the electromagnetic force, which is precisely the Darboux theorem in symplectic geometry. As a consequence, the electromagnetism can be realized as a geometrical property of spacetime like gravity. We show that the geometrization of the electromagnetic force in NC spacetime is the origin of gravity, dubbed as the emergent gravity. We discuss how the emergent gravity reveals a novel, radically different …
We point out that recent Verlinde's proposal of emergent gravity suffers from some internal inconsistencies. The main idea in this proposal is to preserve general relativity at short scales where numerous tests verified its validity, but modify it on large scales where we meet puzzles raised by observations (in particular dark matter), by using some entropic concepts. We first point out that gravity as a conservative force is very difficult (if possible at all) to portray as an entropic force. We then show that the derivation of the MOND relation using the elastic strain idea is not self-consi…
We propose a model with quantum bosons on the fcc lattice, which has a stable algebraic Bose liquid phase at low energy. We show that this phase is described by emergent quantum gravity at the Gaussian z = 3 Lifshitz fixed point in 3+1 dimensions. The stability of this algebraic Bose liquid phase is guaranteed by the gauge symmetry of gravitons and self-duality of the low energy field theory. By tuning one parameter in the lattice boson model we can drive a phase transition between the z = 3 Lifshitz gravity and another algebraic Bose liquid phase, described by gravity at the z = 2 Lifshitz po…
I describe several conceptual aspects of a particular paradigm which treats the field equations of gravity as emergent. These aspects are related to the features of classical gravitational theories which defy explanation within the conventional perspective. The alternative interpretation throws light on these features and could provide better insights into possible description of quantum structure of spacetime. This review complements the discussion in arXiv:1207.0505, which describes space itself as emergent in the cosmological context.
We revisit a non-perturbation theory of quantum gravity in $1.5$ order underlying an emergent gravitational pair of $(4{\bar 4})$-brane with a renewed interest. In particular the formulation is governed by a geometric torsion ${\cal H}_3$ in second order with an on-shell NS form in first order. Interestingly the gravitational pair is sourced by a Kalb-Ramond two form CFT on a $D_5$-brane in $d$$=$$10$ type IIB superstring theory. We show that a generic form theory containing a CFT sector in $d=6$ bulk may be described by a boundary ${\rm AdS}_5$ with a quintessence Q. Analysis reveals that the…
Gravity can be regarded as a consequence of local Lorentz (LL) symmetry, which is essential in defining a spinor field in curved spacetime. The gravitational action may admit a zero-field limit of the metric and vierbein at a certain ultraviolet cutoff scale such that the action becomes a linear realization of the LL symmetry. Consequently, only three types of term are allowed in the four-dimensional gravitational action at the cutoff scale: a cosmological constant, a linear term of the LL field strength, and spinor kinetic terms, whose coefficients are in general arbitrary functions of LL and…
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the ar…
Following recent Verlinde's heuristic construction or emergent gravity, Hossenfelder wrote down the Lagrangian capturing some aspects of this theory. We point out that there is an error in calculations whose consequence is that a cosmological de Sitter space solution is not recovered from this Lagrangian. We correct this error in order to obtain the desired solution. We also show that small perturbations around de Sitter space grow, which implies that this state is not stable. However, the presence of matter and radiation might in principle provide stability.
