HERD量热计的蒙特卡罗模拟
Monte Carlo Simulation of HERD Calorimeter
摘要：
中国空间站上的高能宇宙辐射探测（HERD）设施计划于2020年左右开始运行，为期约10年。它被设计为下一代空间设施，重点是间接搜索暗物质、精确测量宇宙射线光谱和成分，直到膝盖能量，以及高能伽马射线监测和调查。热量计在HERD的主要科学目标中起着至关重要的作用。以高粒度晶体为活性物质的三维立方量热计是一种很有前途的选择。HERD主要由一个3D热量计（CALO）组成，除底部外，其余五个侧面都被硅跟踪器（TK）包围。CALO由9261个LYSO晶体立方体组成，分别对应于约55个辐射长度和3个核相互作用长度。利用GEANT 4和FLUKA对CALO的性能进行了模拟计算：1）计算了CALO的总吸收和吸收深度，并对CALO的吸收深度进行了分析（能量分辨率：100 GeV以上的电子和伽马射线为1%，100 GeV至1 PeV的质子为20%）;（电子/质子分离能力优于$10^{-5}$）; 3）对于大的有效几何因子，用于检测从每个未阻挡方向到达的粒子的均匀几何结构（$>$ 3 ${\rm m}^{2}{\rm sr}$用于电子和漫射伽马射线，$>$ 2 $ {\rm m}^{2}{\rm sr}$用于宇宙射线核）;（4）暗物质湮灭产生的γ射线谱和各种宇宙线化学成分的谱测量等预期观测结果。
英文摘要：
The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility onboard China's Space Station is planned for operation starting around 2020 for about 10 years. It is designed as a next generation space facility focused on indirect dark matter search, precise cosmic ray spectrum and composition measurements up to the knee energy, and high energy gamma-ray monitoring and survey. The calorimeter plays an essential role in the main scientific objectives of HERD. A 3-D cubic calorimeter filled with high granularity crystals as active material is a very promising choice for the calorimeter. HERD is mainly composed of a 3-D calorimeter (CALO) surrounded by silicon trackers (TK) from all five sides except the bottom. CALO is made of 9261 cubes of LYSO crystals, corresponding to about 55 radiation lengths and 3 nuclear interaction lengths, respectively. Here the simulation results of the performance of CALO with GEANT4 and FLUKA are presented: 1) the total absorption CALO and its absorption depth for precise energy measurements (energy resolution: 1\% for electrons and gamma-rays beyond 100 GeV, 20\% for protons from 100 GeV to 1 PeV); 2) its granularity for particle identification (electron/proton separation power better than $10^{-5}$); 3) the homogenous geometry for detecting particles arriving from every unblocked direction for large effective geometrical factor ($>$3 ${\rm m}^{2}{\rm sr}$ for electron and diffuse gamma-rays, $>$2 $ {\rm m}^{2}{\rm sr}$ for cosmic ray nuclei); 4) expected observational results such as gamma-ray line spectrum from dark matter annihilation and spectrum measurement of various cosmic ray chemical components.
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