中国未来空间站高能宇宙辐射探测装置（HERD）
The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) Facility onboard China's Future Space Station
摘要：
高能宇宙辐射探测（HERD）设施是中国空间站上宇宙灯塔计划的几个空间天文学有效载荷之一，计划于2020年左右开始运行，为期约10年。HERD的主要科学目标是间接寻找暗物质，精确测量膝能以下的宇宙射线光谱和成分，以及高能伽马射线监测和调查。HERD是由一个三维立方量热计（CALO）包围微带硅跟踪器（STK）从五个方面，除了底部。CALO由大约10个$^4$立方体的LYSO晶体组成，分别对应于大约55个辐射长度和3个核相互作用长度。顶部的STK微带的七个X-Y层夹有钨转换器，以精确测量入射电子和伽马射线的方向。在基线设计中，四个侧面SKT中的每一个都仅由三层微带制成。所有STK还将用于测量宇宙射线的电荷和入射方向，以及识别反向散射轨迹。通过这种设计，HERD可以实现以下性能：对于超过100 GeV的电子和γ射线，能量分辨率为1\%，对于100 GeV至1 PeV的质子，能量分辨率为20\%;电子/质子分离能力优于$10^{-5}$ ;电子和漫射γ射线的有效几何因子为$>$ 3 ${\rm m}^{2}{\rm sr}$，宇宙线核的有效几何因子为$>$ 2 $ {\rm m}^{2}{\rm sr}$。研制了用光纤耦合像增强CCD读出LYSO信号的装置和单层CALO样机。
英文摘要：
The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility is one of several space astronomy payloads of the cosmic lighthouse program onboard China's Space Station, which is planned for operation starting around 2020 for about 10 years. The main scientific objectives of HERD are indirect dark matter search, precise cosmic ray spectrum and composition measurements up to the knee energy, and high energy gamma-ray monitoring and survey. HERD is composed of a 3-D cubic calorimeter (CALO) surrounded by microstrip silicon trackers (STKs) from five sides except the bottom. CALO is made of about 10$^4$ cubes of LYSO crystals, corresponding to about 55 radiation lengths and 3 nuclear interaction lengths, respectively. The top STK microstrips of seven X-Y layers are sandwiched with tungsten converters to make precise directional measurements of incoming electrons and gamma-rays. In the baseline design, each of the four side SKTs is made of only three layers microstrips. All STKs will also be used for measuring the charge and incoming directions of cosmic rays, as well as identifying back scattered tracks. With this design, HERD can achieve the following performance: energy resolution of 1\% for electrons and gamma-rays beyond 100 GeV, 20\% for protons from 100 GeV to 1 PeV; electron/proton separation power better than $10^{-5}$; effective geometrical factors of $>$3 ${\rm m}^{2}{\rm sr}$ for electron and diffuse gamma-rays, $>$2 $ {\rm m}^{2}{\rm sr}$ for cosmic ray nuclei. R\&D is under way for reading out the LYSO signals with optical fiber coupled to image intensified CCD and the prototype of one layer of CALO.
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