It is well known that the performance of frequency-division-duplex (FDD) massive MIMO systems with i.i.d. channels is disappointing compared with that of time-division-duplex (TDD) systems, due to the prohibitively large overhead for acquiring channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). In this paper, we investigate the achievable rates of FDD massive MIMO systems with spatially correlated channels, considering the CSIT acquisition dimensionality loss, the imperfection of CSIT and the regularized-zero-forcing linear precoder. The achievable rates are optimized by judiciously designing the downlink channel training sequences and user CSIT feedback codebooks, exploiting the multiuser spatial channel correlation. We compare our achievable rates with TDD massive MIMO systems, i.i.d. FDD systems, and the joint spatial division and multiplexing (JSDM) scheme, by deriving the deterministic equivalents of the achievable rates, based on popular channel models. It is shown that, based on the proposed eigenspace channel estimation schemes, the rate-gap between FDD systems and TDD systems is significantly narrowed, even approached under moderate number of base station antennas. Compared to the JSDM scheme, our proposal achieves dimensionality-reduction channel estimation without channel pre-projection, and higher throughput for moderate number of antennas and moderate to large channel coherence time, though at higher computational complexity.
Obtaining down link (DL) channel state information (CSI) at the base station (BS) is challenging for frequencydivision-duplex (FDD) massive MIMO (MM) systems. Considerable overhead is required for DL training and feedback. Instead studies often assume highly correlated average spatial signal signatures (i.e. directional clusters) between FDD duplex links. These assumptions, however, only represent use of antennas with the same radiation pattern over the duplex band, leading to illumination of the same cluster. In this paper, we investigate pattern reciprocity, over the duplex band, for practic…
Efficient channel state information at transmitter (CSIT) for frequency division duplex (FDD) massive MIMO can facilitate its backward compatibility with existing FDD cellular networks. To date, several CSIT estimation schemes have been proposed for FDD single-cell massive MIMO systems, but they fail to consider inter-cell-interference (ICI) and suffer from downlink pilot contamination in multi-cell scenario. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a compressive sensing (CS)-based CSIT estimation scheme to combat ICI in FDD multi-cell massive MIMO systems. Specifically, angle-domain massive…
We propose a comprehensive scheme for realizing a massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with dual-polarized antennas in frequency division duplexing (FDD) mode. Employing dual-polarized elements in a massive MIMO array has been common practice recently and can, in principle, double the number of spatial degrees of freedom with a less-than-proportional increase in array size. However, processing a dual-polarized channel is demanding due to the high channel dimension and the lack of Uplink-Downlink (UL-DL) channel reciprocity in FDD mode. In particular, the difficulty arises in ch…
Wireless backhaul is considered to be the key part of the future wireless network with dense small cell traffic and high capacity demand. In this paper, we focus on the design of a high spectral efficiency line-of-sight (LoS) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system for millimeter wave (mmWave) backhaul using dual-polarized frequency division duplex (FDD). High spectral efficiency is very challenging to achieve for the system due to various physical impairments such as phase noise (PHN), timing offset (TO) as well as the poor condition number of the LoS MIMO. In this paper, we propose a ho…
Transmitter channel state information (CSIT) is indispensable for the spectral efficiency gains offered by massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In a frequency-division-duplexing (FDD) massive MIMO system, CSIT is typically acquired through downlink channel estimation and user feedback, but as the number of antennas increases, the overhead for CSI training and feedback per user grows, leading to a decrease in spectral efficiency. In this paper, we show that, using uplink pilots in FDD, the downlink sum spectral efficiency gain with perfect downlink CSIT is achievable when the …
We consider the problem of estimating channel fading coefficients (modeled as a correlated Gaussian vector) via Downlink (DL) training and Uplink (UL) feedback in wideband FDD massive MIMO systems. Using rate-distortion theory, we derive optimal bounds on the achievable channel state estimation error in terms of the number of training pilots in DL ($β_{tr}$) and feedback dimension in UL ($β_{fb}$), with random, spatially isotropic pilots. It is shown that when the number of training pilots exceeds the channel covariance rank ($r$), the optimal rate-distortion feedback strategy achieves an esti…
When operating massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) channels at different frequencies (frequency division duplex (FDD) operation), acquisition of channel state information (CSI) for downlink precoding is a major challenge. Since, barring transceiver impairments, both UL and DL CSI are determined by the physical environment surrounding transmitter and receiver, it stands to reason that, for a static environment, a mapping from UL CSI to DL CSI may exist. First, we propose to use various neural network (NN)-based approaches that learn this mapp…
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is believed to deliver unrepresented spectral efficiency gains for 5G and beyond. However, a practical challenge arises during its commercial deployment, which is known as the ``curse of mobility''. The performance of massive MIMO drops alarmingly when the velocity level of user increases. In this paper, we tackle the problem in frequency division duplex (FDD) massive MIMO with a novel Channel State Information (CSI) acquisition framework. A joint angle-delay-Doppler (JADD) wideband precoder is proposed for channel training. Our idea consists in th…
We study the problem of providing channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter in multi-user massive MIMO systems operating in frequency division duplexing (FDD). The wideband MIMO channel is a vector-valued random process correlated in time, space (antennas), and frequency (subcarriers). The base station (BS) broadcasts periodically beta_tr pilot symbols from its M antenna ports to K single-antenna users (UEs). Correspondingly, the K UEs send feedback messages about their channel state using beta_fb symbols in the uplink (UL). Using results from remote rate-distortion theory, we show th…
In order to unlock the full advantages of massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) in the downlink, channel state information (CSI) is required at the base station (BS) to optimize the beamforming matrices. In frequency division duplex (FDD) systems, full channel reciprocity does not hold, and CSI acquisition generally requires downlink pilot transmission followed by uplink feedback. Prior work proposed the end-to-end design of pilot transmission, feedback, and CSI estimation via deep learning. In this work, we introduce an enhanced end-to-end design that leverages partial uplink-downlink…
The design of message passing (MP) algorithms on factor graphs is an effective manner to implement channel estimation (CE) in wireless communication systems, which performance can be further improved by exploiting prior probability models that accurately match the channel characteristics. In this work, we study the CE problem in a downlink massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. As the prior probability, we propose the Markov chain two-state Gaussian mixture with large variance differences (TSGM-LVD) model to exploit the structure…
We consider high-dimensional MIMO transmissions in frequency division duplexing (FDD) systems. For precoding, the frequency selective channel has to be measured, quantized and fed back to the base station by the users. When the number of antennas is very high this typically leads to prohibitively high quantization complexity and large feedback. In 5G New Radio (NR), a modular quantization approach has been applied for this, where first a low-dimensional subspace is identified for the whole frequency selective channel, and then subband channels are linearly mapped to this subspace and quantized…
Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a promising technology to deliver the higher spectral and energy requirements in fifth-generation (5G) and beyond wireless networks while shaping the propagation environment. Such a design can be further enhanced with massive multiple-input-multiple-output (mMIMO) characteristics towards boosting the network performance. However, channel reciprocity, assumed in 5G systems such as mMIMO, appears to be questioned in practice by recent studies on IRS. Hence, contrary to previous works, we consider frequency division duplexing (FDD) to study the performance …
Deep Learning Based FDD Non-Stationary Massive MIMO Downlink Channel Reconstruction
针对频分复用(FDD)大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)系统,提出了一种基于模型驱动的深度学习下行信道重构方案。空间非平稳性是未来超大孔径大规模MIMO系统的关键特征。利用神经网络代替信道矩阵学习信道模型参数,节省了系统开销,提高了信道重构的准确性。通过将通道视为图像,我们引入You Only Look Once(YOLO),这是一种用于目标检测的强大神经网络,可以快速估计模型参数,包括检测路径的角度和延迟以及识别散射体的可见区域。基于深度学习的方案避免了由基于算法的参数提取方法引入的复杂迭代过程。基于低复杂度算法的细化器进一步细化YOLO估计,以达到高精度。鉴于模型驱动深度学习的高效性以及神经网络与算法的结合,该方案能够快速准确地重建非平稳下行信道。此外,所提出的方案也适用于广泛关注的平稳系统,并实现了相当的重建精度作为一种基于算法的方法,大大减少了时间消耗。
The acquisition of channel state information (CSI) in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) massive MIMO has been a formidable challenge. In this paper, we address this problem with a novel CSI feedback framework enabled by the partial reciprocity of uplink and downlink channels in the wideband regime. We first derive the closed-form expression of the rank of the wideband massive MIMO channel covariance matrix for a given angle-delay distribution. A low-rankness property is identified, which generalizes the well-known result of the narrow-band uniform linear array setting. Then we propose a partial …