本文给出了NH_3(1,1),(2,2),(4,4)的新观测结果. Jansky甚大阵列(VLA)与文献中的工作一起编译,以探索在年轻的大质量恒星形成区域中观察到的条件范围。采样的影响,独立于距离/分辨率,丰度和大规模的环境,我们比较了在不同的演化阶段在一个单一的红外暗云(IRDC),G32.02+0.06的团块。我们发现,星团形成的早期阶段的特点是密集的,秒差距尺度的恒星结构,散布着致密核心的复合体(<0.1 pc的核心聚集在复合体中,间隔约1 pc),质量约为10至100 Msun。最静止的核心是最大的延伸,而恒星形成的核心更致密、更紧凑,在大质量恒星形成开始之前和之后不久,显示出非常相似的柱密度结构,峰值表面密度>~ 1 g cm^-2。静止的核心和细丝显示出从10-20 K平稳变化的温度,在恒星形成的核心中上升到40 K以上。我们计算了16个核的维里参数,发现湍流提供的支持水平通常不足以支持它们对抗引力坍缩(α_vir ~ 0.6)。恒星形成的细丝显示出平滑的速度场,在活跃的恒星形成地点被不连续性打断。我们讨论了IRDC所在的大质量分子细丝(MMF; M > 10^5 Msun,l > 60 pc),假设它可能是由前几代大质量恒星形成的。
英文摘要:
We present new NH3 (1,1), (2,2), and (4,4) observations from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) compiled with work in the literature to explore the range of conditions observed in young, massive star-forming regions. To sample the effects of evolution independent from those of distance/resolution, abundance, and large-scale environment, we compare clumps in different evolutionary stages within a single Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC), G32.02+0.06. We find that the early stages of clustered star formation are characterized by dense, parsec-scale filamentary structures interspersed with complexes of dense cores (<0.1 pc cores clustered in complexes separated by ~1 pc) with masses from about 10 to 100 Msun. The most quiescent core is the most extended while the star-forming cores are denser and more compact, showing very similar column density structure before and shortly after the onset of massive star formation, with peak surface densities >~ 1 g cm^-2. Quiescent cores and filaments show smoothly varying temperatures from 10-20 K, rising to over 40 K in star-forming cores. We calculate the virial parameters for 16 cores and find that the level of support provided by turbulence is generally insufficient to support them against gravitational collapse (alpha_vir ~ 0.6). The star-forming filaments show smooth velocity fields, punctuated by discontinuities at the sites of active star formation. We discuss the Massive Molecular Filament (MMF; M > 10^5 Msun, l > 60 pc) hosting the IRDC, hypothesizing that it may have been shaped by previous generations of massive stars.
Molecular Clouds Resolved at the Onset of Cosmic Noon
National Radio Astronomy Observatory(国家射电天文台);Université Lyon 1(里昂第一大学);ENS de Lyon(巴黎高等师范学院里昂分校);CNRS UMR5574, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon(法国国家科学研究中心联合研究实验室5574,里昂天体物理研究中心);Tsinghua University(清华大学);Agnes Scott College(阿格尼丝·斯科特学院);Victoria University of Wellington(惠灵顿维多利亚大学);Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA(天体生物学中心,西班牙国家科学技术研究委员会-国家航空航天技术研究所);ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy(荷兰射电天文研究所);Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen(格罗宁根大学卡普坦天文研究所);Sorbonne Université(索邦大学);CNRS UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris(法国国家科学研究中心联合研究实验室7095,巴黎天体物理学研究所)
A model for the onset of self-gravitation and star formation in molecular gas governed by galactic forces: II. the bottleneck to collapse set by cloud-environment decoupling
在Meidt et al.(2018)中,我们表明,单个分子云尺度上的气体运动学不受自引力的支配,但也跟踪起源于宿主星系势中轨道运动的分量。这与观测到的云线宽度一致,云线宽度显示了维里运动随环境的系统变化,指出了星系势的影响。在本文中,我们假设这些运动减缓了气体的坍缩,从而有助于调节恒星的形成。扩展Meidt等人的结果。(2018),我们推导出一个动力学坍缩时间尺度,只有当气体完全与星系势解耦时,它才接近自由落体时间。利用这个时间尺度,我们可以预测自由落体的部分,强烈的自引力气体在整个恒星形成星系的磁盘中的变化。我们还使用这种崩溃的时间尺度来预测的分子气体恒星形成效率,这是从最大的,反馈调节的水平,在存在强耦合的银河系的潜力降低的变化。我们的模型意味着气体只能从星系中分离出来,然后崩溃,并在云层深处有效地形成恒星。我们发现,这自然解释了在银河系CMZ和其他星系中心每单位气体质量恒星形成率的下降。星系瓶颈恒星形成的模型也同意与解决致密气体和恒星形成的星系盘和本地云的性质的观察。
Characterising magnetic fields at the onset of star cluster formation: From giant molecular clouds to infrared dark clumps
Cardiff University(卡迪夫大学);University of Manchester(曼彻斯特大学);University of Cologne(科隆大学);Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics(中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所)
Molecular Line Observations of Infrared Dark Clouds II: Physical Conditions
使用偏向于高质量恒星形成区域的源选择,我们使用了大速度梯度(LVG)代码来计算中途空间实验(MSX)8微米红外暗核样本的H2密度和CS柱密度。我们的平均H2密度和CS柱密度分别为1.14 x 10 e6 cm-3和1.21 x 10 e13 cm-2。此外,我们还计算了每个核心的金斯质量和维里质量,以更好地了解它们的引力稳定性。我们发现,根据Ragan等人2006年(论文1)对N2 H + J = 1-0和C18 O J = 1-0的观测计算的核心质量足以发生坍缩,尽管大多数区域可能形成原星系团。我们探索了样本中分子气体的恒星形成特性,并发现了一些多样性,这些多样性将红外暗云的范围从产生大型星团的巨大云扩展到与我们当地的一些对应物(例如巨蛇座,蛇夫座)相似的云。
(Abridged) We present a cloud decomposition of $^{12}$CO (2--1) observations of the merger and nearest luminous infrared galaxy, NGC 3256. 185 spatially and spectrally resolved clouds are identified across the central $\approx$ 130 kpc$^{2}$ at 90 pc resolution and completeness is estimated. We compare our cloud catalogue from NGC 3256 to ten galaxies observed in the PHANGS-ALMA survey. Distributions in NGC 3256 of cloud velocity dispersions, luminosities, CO-estimated masses, mass surface densities, virial masses, virial parameters, size-linewidth coefficients, and internal turbulent pressure…
Similar complex kinematics within two massive, filamentary infrared dark clouds
红外暗云(IRDC)被认为是高质量恒星形成早期阶段的潜在宿主。在这里,我们进行了深入的运动学分析这样的IRDC,G034.43+00.24(云F),使用高灵敏度和高光谱分辨率IRAM-30米N $_2$ H $^+$($1-0$)和C $^{18}$ O($1-0$)的观测。为了解开复杂的速度结构在这个云,我们使用高斯分解和层次聚类算法。我们发现云F内存在四个不同的相干速度分量。将这些组分的性质与在类似IRDC G035.39-00.33(云H)中发现的那些进行比较。我们发现,这两个云的组成部分有:高密度(根据N $_2$ H $^+$中的鉴定推断),跨音速非热速度弥散,马赫数为$\sim$ $1.5-4$,速度分离为$\sim$ 3 km s $^{-1}$,在N $_2$ H $^+$(致密气体)和C $^{18}$ O(包层气体)之间的$^{-1}$平均红移为0.3 km s。后者可能表明这些云有一个共同的形成场景。我们使用低密度追踪的$^{13}$ CO($1-0$)观测研究了大尺度云F结构的运动学。在IRAM-30 m观测中确定的成分与$^{13}$ CO数据中最突出的成分之间存在良好的对应关系。我们发现IRDC云F只是一个更大结构的一小部分,它似乎是银河系的臂间灯丝。
Context: Infrared dark clouds are the coldest and densest portions of giant molecular clouds. The most massive ones represent some of the most likely birthplaces for the next generation of massive stars in the Milky Way. Because a strong mid-IR background is needed to make them appear in absorption, they are usually assumed to be nearby. Aims: We use THz absorption spectroscopy to solve the distance ambiguity associated with kinematic distances for the IR-dark clouds in the TOP100 ATLASGAL sample, a flux-limited selection of massive clumps in different evolutionary phases of star formation. Me…
The Cepheid Leavitt Law (LL), also known as the Period-Luminosity relation, is a crucial tool for assembling the cosmic distance ladder. By combining data from the OGLE-IV catalogue with mid-infrared photometry from the Spitzer Space Telescope, we have determined the $3.6$ $μ$m and $4.5$ $μ$m LLs for the Magellanic Clouds using around 5000 fundamental-mode Classical Cepheids. Mean magnitudes were determined using a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) template fitting procedure, with template light curves constructed from a subsample of these Cepheids with fully-phased, well-sampled light curves. T…
CO observations toward the isolated mid-infrared bubble S44: External triggering of O-star formation by a cloud-cloud collision
我们对中红外气泡S44进行了多波长研究,以探讨孤立的大质量恒星的起源和HII区形成的气泡周围的恒星形成过程。在本文中,我们报告的结果,新的CO观测($^{12}$ CO,$^{13}$ CO $J=$ 1-0,和$^{12}$ CO $J=$ 3-2)对孤立的气泡S44使用NANTEN 2,Mopra和ASTE射电望远镜。我们发现两个速度分量在气泡的方向上,在$-84$ km s $^{-1}$和$-79$ km s $^{-1}$。这两个云很可能是物理上与泡沫,因为增强的$^{12}$ CO $J=$ 3-2/1-0强度比从一个环状结构的影响,紫外线辐射的嵌入式大质量恒星(S)和从8 $μ$ m的排放和CO分布之间的形态对应。假设一个单一的对象,我们估计的光谱类型的气泡内嵌入的恒星是O 8.5 -9($\sim 20 M_{\odot}$)从无线电连续自由的发射。我们假设这两个星云在300万年前相互碰撞,引发了S44中孤立的大质量恒星的形成,RCW 120和RCW 79也发生了这种情况。我们认为,这种情况下可以解释的起源孤立的O星内的泡沫。
The infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) are molecular clouds with relatively greater values in their magnetic field strengths. For example, the IRDC G34.43+00.24 (G34) has magnetic field strength of the order of a few hundred micro-Gauss. In this study, we investigate if the dynamic motions of charged particles in an IRDC such as G34 can produce this magnetic field strength inside it. The observations show that the line-of-sight velocity of G34 has global gradient. We assume that the measured global velocity gradient can correspond to the cloud rotation. We attribute a large-scale current density to …
Very Large Array Observations of Ammonia in Infrared-Dark Clouds I: Column Density and Temperature Structure
我们提出了甚大天线阵观测NH3(1,1)和(2,2)在6个红外暗云(IRDC)的样本,距离从2至5千秒差距。我们发现氨是IRDC中致密气体的出色示踪剂,没有显示出耗尽的证据,并且这些云中的平均丰度相对于H2为8.1 x 10^-7。我们的样本由四个24微米嵌入原恒星的IRDC和两个无星的IRDC组成。我们计算了IRDC中气体的动力学温度,发现无星IRDC和成星IRDC之间没有显着差异。我们发现气体的体积在8到13 K之间,这表明任何嵌入或附近的恒星或星团都不会显著影响气体温度。虽然IRDC的温度和体积密度与质量较低的局部恒星形成区相当,但它们的质量要大得多,导致内部压力非常高。为了使IRDC作为相干结构存活下来,内部压力必须通过由它们所在的螺旋臂中的高浓度分子云提供的围压来平衡。高分子浓度和压力与棒星系的气体动力学基本一致。
We present the mid-infrared (mid-IR) period$-$luminosity relations (PLRs) using over 1000 Mira variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), for the four Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and the four Spitzer bands. These PLRs cover a mid-IR wavelength range from $3.4$ $μ$m to $22$ $μ$m and are presented separately for the oxygen-rich (O-rich) and carbon-rich (C-rich) Miras. These relations can be used to measure distances to individual O-rich and/or C-rich Mira stars with the accuracy of $5\%$ and $12\%$, respectively. They are the most accurate Mira PLRs in the mid-IR to date.