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arXiv 1402.4865astro-ph.GA
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大质量黑洞周围恒星残余物的分布:缓慢的质量分离,星团螺旋和相关轨道

On the distribution of stellar remnants around massive black holes: slow mass segregation, star cluster inspirals and correlated orbits

Fabio Antonini

摘要:

我们研究了银河系中心恒星质量黑洞的长期动力学演化,并对其数量和中心质量分布进行了约束。GC模型被认为是尚未达到稳定状态的随机引力相遇的影响下。与最近一些声称质量分离可以迅速重建恒星中的密度尖点相反,我们发现与尖点再生相关的时间尺度比哈勃时间更长。这些结果对标准模型提出了质疑,该模型假定GC附近存在高密度的BH,并激发了从对应于明确定义的物理模型的初始条件开始的研究。我们首次考虑了银河系核团(NC)无耗散形成模型中黑洞的分布,其中大质量星团在GC中合并形成一个核。我们模拟了连续的大规模集群包含一个内部致密的BH集群的螺旋。由于星系团被巨大的黑洞潮汐场扰乱,预先存在的质量分离并没有完全消除。结果,在12次内旋事件后,形成了一个NC,其中BH的中心密度高于恒星。在演化5-10 Gyr的模型后,BH确实形成了一个陡峭的中央尖点,而恒星分布保持了类似于银河系NC的属性。最后,我们研究了BH扰动对GC S-星运动的影响,作为限制扰动数的一种手段。我们发现,再现S-星轨道分布需要>~1000 BH在0.1 pc的Sgr A*。银河系NC的无耗散形成情景与这个下限是一致的,因此可以调和对BH高中心密度的需要(以解释S星的轨道),与GC巨星人口的缺失尖点问题。

英文摘要:

We study the long term dynamical evolution of stellar mass black holes (BHs) at the Galactic center (GC) and put constraints on their number and central mass distribution. Models of the GC are considered that have not yet achieved a steady state under the influence of random gravitational encounters. Contrary to some recent claims that mass-segregation can rapidly rebuild a density cusp in the stars, we find that time scales associated with cusp regrowth are longer than the Hubble time. These results cast doubts on standard models that postulate high densities of BHs near the GC and motivate studies that start from initial conditions which correspond to well-defined physical models. For the first time, we consider the distribution of BHs in a dissipationless formation model for the Milky Way nuclear cluster (NC), in which massive stellar clusters merge in the GC to form a nucleus. We simulate the successive inspiral of massive clusters containing an inner dense cluster of BHs. The pre-existing mass segregation is not completely erased as the clusters are disrupted by the massive black hole tidal field. As a result, after 12 inspiral events a NC forms in which the BHs have higher central densities than the stars. After evolving the model for 5-10 Gyr, the BHs do form a steep central cusp, while the stellar distribution maintains properties that resemble those of the Milky Way NC. Finally, we investigate the effect of BH perturbations on the motion of the GC S-stars, as a means of constraining the number of the perturbers. We find that reproducing the S-star orbital distribution requires >~1000 BHs within 0.1 pc of Sgr A*. A dissipationless formation scenario for the Milky Way NC is consistent with this lower limit and therefore could reconcile the need for high central densities of BHs (to explain the orbits of the S-stars), with the missing-cusp problem of the GC giant star population.

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