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arXiv 1307.2247astro-ph.HE
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SN 2010 jl:光学到硬X射线观测揭示了嵌入十个太阳质量茧中的爆炸

SN 2010jl: Optical to hard X-ray observations reveal an explosion embedded in a ten solar mass cocoon

E. O. Ofek, A. Zoglauer, S. E. Boggs, N. M. Barriere, S. P. Reynolds, C. L. Fryer, F. A. Harrison, S. B. Cenko, S. R. Kulkarni, A. Gal-Yam, I. Arcavi, E. Bellm,… 展开作者

E. O. Ofek, A. Zoglauer, S. E. Boggs, N. M. Barriere, S. P. Reynolds, C. L. Fryer, F. A. Harrison, S. B. Cenko, S. R. Kulkarni, A. Gal-Yam, I. Arcavi, E. Bellm, J. S. Bloom, F. Christensen, W. W. Craig, W. Even, A. V. Filippenko, B. Grefenstette, C. J. Hailey, R. Laher, K. Madsen, E. Nakar, P. E. Nugent, D. Stern, M. Sullivan, J. Surace, W. W. Zhang

摘要:

一些超新星(SNe)可能是由SN喷出物与大量的星周物质(CSM)相互作用而产生的。在这里,我们概述了一种方法来测量质量的光学厚CSM围绕这样的SNe。我们提出了SN 2010 jl的观测结果,包括使用NuSTAR首次探测到SN。SN 2010 jl的总辐射光度是极端的,至少为9 e50 erg。通过模拟可见光数据,我们有力地表明,在~ 1 e16厘米的祖先的星周物质的质量超过10个太阳质量,可能喷出几十年前的SN爆炸。我们的模拟表明,在冲击爆发期间的冲击速度为~6000 km/s,在最大亮度之后大约两年后减速到~2600 km/s。我们对SN的后期NuSTAR+XMM光谱大概提供了SN最大光两年后SN冲击速度的第一次直接测量-如果离子和电子处于平衡状态,则测量值在2000至4500 km/s之间,如果它们不处于平衡状态,则>~2000 km/s。这一测量结果与我们对光学数据建模所预测的激波速度一致。我们还表明,CSM的平均径向密度分布大致遵循r^-2定律。对于具有风状轮廓的大规模CSM的一个可能的解释是,它们是SN爆炸之前多个脉动对不稳定事件的结果,彼此相隔多年。

英文摘要:

(Abridged) Some supernovae (SNe) may be powered by the interaction of the SN ejecta with a large amount of circumstellar matter (CSM). Here we outline a method to measure the mass of the optically thick CSM around such SNe. We present observations of SN2010jl, including the first detection of a SN using NuSTAR. The total radiated luminosity of SN2010jl is extreme, at least 9e50 erg. By modeling the visible-light data, we robustly show that the mass of the circumstellar material within ~1e16 cm of the progenitor was in excess of 10 solar masses, likely ejected tens of years prior to the SN explosion. Our modeling suggests that the shock velocity during shock breakout was ~6000 km/s, decelerating to ~2600 km/s about two years after maximum light. Our late-time NuSTAR+XMM spectra of the SN presumably provide the first direct measurement of SN shock velocity two years after the SN maximum light -- measured to be in the range of 2000 to 4500 km/s if the ions and electrons are in equilibrium, and >~2000 km/s if they are not in equilibrium. This measurement is in agreement with the shock velocity predicted by our modeling of the optical data. We also show that the mean radial density distribution of the CSM roughly follows an r^-2 law. A possible explanation for the massive CSM with a wind-like profile is that they are the result of multiple pulsational pair instability events prior to the SN explosion, separated from each other by years.

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