MEMPHYS (MEgaton Mass PHYSics) is a proposed large-scale water-Cherenkov experiment to be performed deep underground. It is dedicated to nucleon decay searches and the detection of neutrinos from supernovae, solar, and atmospheric neutrinos, as well as neutrinos from a future beam to measure the CP violating phase in the leptonic sector and the mass hierarchy. This paper provides an overview of the latest studies on the expected performance of MEMPHYS in view of detailed estimates of its physics reach, mainly concerning neutrino beams.
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is planned to be built at Daocheng, Sichuan Province, China. The water Cherenkov detector array (WCDA), with an area of 78,000 m2 and capacity of 350,000 tons of purified water, is one of the major components of the LHAASO project. A 9-cell detector prototype array has been built at the Yangbajing site, Tibet, China to comprehensively understand the water Cherenkov technique and investigate the engineering issues of WCDA. In this paper, the rate and charge distribution of single-channel signals are evaluated using a full detail Monte Carl…
The Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is being built at Haizi mountain, Sichuan, China at an altitude of 4410 m. One of its main goals is to survey the northern sky for very-high-energy (above 100 GeV) gamma ray sources via its ground-based Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA). WCDA is 78000 $m^2$ in dimension and consists of 3120 water detector cells divided into 3 water ponds. A hemispherical 8-inch photomultiplier tube (PMT) CR365-02-1 from Beijing Hamamatsu Photon Techniques INC. (BHP) is installed at the bottom-center of each cell of the first water pond to collect Cher…
Many of the yet unanswered questions in neutrino physics, such as CP violation in the lepton sector or neutrino mass hierarchy, could be answered with higher sensitivity neutrino experiments. New photodetectors based on micro-channel plates are being developed by the Large-Area Picosecond Photo Detector (LAPPD) Collaboration. These photosensors have been shown to have excellent spatial and timing resolution. Using these devices in massive water Cherenkov detectors, we could significantly improve the vertex resolution for neutrinos enhancing background rejection for neutrino oscillation experim…
The application of machine learning techniques to the reconstruction of lepton energies in water Cherenkov detectors is discussed and illustrated for TITUS, a proposed intermediate detector for the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment. It is found that applying these techniques leads to an improvement of more than 50% in the energy resolution for all lepton energies compared to an approach based upon lookup tables. Machine learning techniques can be easily applied to different detector configurations and the results are comparable to likelihood-function based techniques that are currently used.
The Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is being built at Haizi Mountain, Sichuan province of China at an altitude of 4410 meters. One of its main goals is to survey the northern sky for very-high-energy gamma ray sources via its ground-based water Cherenkov detector array (WCDA). 900 8-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) CR365-02-1 from Beijing Hamamatsu Photon Techniques INC. (BHP) are installed in the WCDA, collecting Cherenkov photons produced by air shower particles crossing water. The design of the PMT base with a high dynamic range for CR365-02-1, the PMT batch test system…
Since Kamiokande, the basic design of water-Cherenkov detectors has not changed: the walls of a water tank are lined with photodetectors that capture Cherenkov photons produced by relativistic particles. However, with this design the majority of photons are lost in insensitive regions between photodetectors, while at the same time most photodetectors are outside the ring and remain dark. To fix both issues at once, we propose fixing retro-reflectors between all photodetectors. These devices will reflect uncollected photons back through their emission point onto photodetectors at the other side…
Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K) is a proposed next generation underground water Cherenkov (WCh) experiment. The far detector will measure the oscillated neutrino flux from the long-baseline neutrino experiment using 0.6 GeV neutrinos produced by a 1.3 MW proton beam at J-PARC. It has a broad program of physics and astrophysics mainly focusing on the precise measurement of the lepton neutrino mixing matrix and the CP asymmetry. The unoscillated neutrino flux will be measured by an intermediate WCh detector. One of the proposed designs is the Tokai Intermediate Tank for the Unoscillated Spectrum (TIT…
The Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors of the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN are equipped with Hybrid Photo-Detectors. These vacuum photo-detectors are affected by the stray magnetic field of the LHCb magnet, which degrades their imaging properties. This effect increases the error on the Cherenkov angle measurement and would reduce the particle identification capabilities of LHCb. A system has been developed for the RICH2 Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector to perform a detailed characterisation of the magnetic distortion effects. It is described, along with the methods impleme…
This manuscript describes measurements of water-based liquid scintillators (WbLS), demonstrating separation of the Cherenkov and scintillation components using the fast timing response of a Large Area Picosecond Photodector (LAPPD). Additionally, the time profiles of three WbLS mixtures, defined by the relative fractions of scintillating compound, are characterized, with improved sensitivity to the scintillator rise-time. The measurements were made using both an LAPPD and a conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT). All samples were measured with an effective resolution O(100 ps), which allows f…
Precise knowledge of all beam parameters is crucial to fully exploit the physics potential of the International Linear Collider (ILC). A sufficiently accurate measurement of the beam polarisation can only be achieved using dedicated high energy Compton polarimeters combined with well-designed arrays of Cherenkov detectors. This note focuses on the design and detailed simulation of a suitable Cherenkov detector prototype and provides an overview of first results from a highly successful beam test period.
Water Cherenkov detectors like Super-Kamiokande, and the next generation Hyper-Kamiokande are adding gadolinium to their water to improve the detection of neutrons. By detecting neutrons in addition to the leptons in neutrino interactions, an improved separation between neutrino and anti-neutrinos, and reduced backgrounds for proton decay searches can be expected. The neutron signal itself is still small and can be confused with muon spallation and other background sources. In this paper, machine learning techniques are employed to optimize the neutron capture detection capability in the new i…
The water at the proposed site of the CHIPS water Cherenkov detector has been studied to measure its attenuation length for Cherenkov light as a function of filtering time. A scaled model of the CHIPS detector filled with water from the Wentworth 2W pit, proposed site of the CHIPS deployment, in conjunction with a 3.2\unit{m} vertical column filled with this water, was used to study the transmission of 405nm laser light. Results consistent with attenuation lengths of up to 100m were observed for this wavelength with filtration and UV sterilization alone.
We describe here measurements with a new device, the "dichroicon," a Winston-style light concentrator built out of dichroic reflectors, which could allow large-scale neutrino detectors to sort photons by wavelength with small overall light loss. Photon sorting would benefit large-scale water or ice Cherenkov detectors such as Hyper-Kamiokande or ICECUBE by providing a measure of dispersion, which in turn could allow improved position reconstruction and timing. For scintillator detectors like JUNO, upgrades to SNO+ or KamLAND-ZEN, or to water-based liquid scintillator detectors like Theia, dich…
The DIRC is a new type of Cherenkov imaging device that will be used for the first time in the BABAR detector at the asymmetric B-factory, PEP-II. It is based on total internal reflection and uses long, rectangular bars made from synthetic fused silica as Cherenkov radiator and light guide. The principles of the DIRC ring imaging Cherenkov technique are explained and results from the prototype program are presented. Its choice for the BABAR detector particle identification system is motivated, followed by a discussion of the quartz radiator properties and the detector design.
This paper presents measurements of the scintillation light yield and time profile for a number of concentration of water-based liquid scintillator, formulated from linear alkylbenzene (LAB) and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO). We find that the scintillation light yield is linear with the concentration of liquid scintillator in water between 1 and 10% with a slope of 127.9+-17.0 ph/MeV/concentration and an intercept value of 108.3+-51.0 ph/MeV, the latter being illustrative of non-linearities with concentration at values less than 1%. This is larger than expected from a simple extrapolation of the p…
Precision polarimetry is essential for future e+ e- colliders and requires Compton polarimeters designed for negligible statistical uncertainties. In this paper, we discuss the design and construction of a quartz Cherenkov detector for such Compton polarimeters. The detector concept has been developed with regard to the main systematic uncertainties of the polarisation measurements, namely the linearity of the detector response and detector alignment. Simulation studies presented here imply that the light yield reachable by using quartz as Cherenkov medium allows to resolve in the Cherenkov ph…
This work aims at online calibrating the signal attenuation of the long cable used in Tibet Water Cherenkov Muon detector array-A (Tibet MD-A) under the 37 000 m2 Tibet air shower array. Based on the waterproof connection of the PMT (R3600_06) with the signal cable, and the characters of the high voltage divider, terminal reflection method is explored and used for measuring the signal attenuation with a practical way to eliminate the contribution of the pulse baseline (pedestal). Comparison measurement between it and QDC (Charge-to-Digital Conversion) data taking method are carried out by usin…
Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP)（粒子实验物理与仪器实验室）；Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa（里斯本大学高等理工学院）；University of Granada（格拉纳达大学）
This paper presents several approaches to deal with the problem of identifying muons in a water Cherenkov detector with a reduced water volume and 4 PMTs. Different perspectives of information representation are used and new features are engineered using the specific domain knowledge. As results show, these new features, in combination with the convolutional layers, are able to achieve a good performance avoiding overfitting and being able to generalise properly for the test set. The results also prove that the combination of state-of-the-art Machine Learning analysis techniques and water Cher…
CHIPS is an R&D program focused on designing and constructing a cost-effective large water Cherenkov detector (WCD) to study neutrino oscillations using accelerator beams. Traditional WCD's with a low energy threshold have been built in special large underground caverns. Civil construction of such facilities is costly and the excavation phase significantly delays the detector installation although, in the end, it offers a well-shielded apparatus with versatile physics program. Using concepts developed for the LBNE WCD (arXiv:1204.2295), we propose to submerge a detector in a deep water reservo…
The novel idea of water Cherenkov calorimeter made of water tanks as the next generation neutrino detector for nu factories and nu beams is investigated. A water tank prototype with a dimension of 1*1*13m^3 is constructed, its performance is studied and compared with a GEANT4 based Monte Carlo simulation. By using measured parameters of the water tank, including the light collection efficiency, attenuation length, angular dependent response etc, a detailed Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that the detector performance is excellent for identifying neutrino charged current events while reject…
The potential of elastic antineutrino-electron scattering in a Gd-doped water Cherenkov detector to determine the direction of a nuclear reactor antineutrino flux was investigated using the recently proposed WATCHMAN antineutrino experiment as a baseline model. The expected scattering rate was determined assuming a 13-km standoff from a 3.758-GWt light water nuclear reactor and the detector response was modeled using a Geant4-based simulation package. Background was estimated via independent simulations and by scaling published measurements from similar detectors. Background contributions were…
The scope of this article is to understand the role of radiative losses in detector energy scale at energies of 5-100 MeV and to estimate the non-linear effect they produce in large liquid scintillator and Cherenkov detectors. For this purpose the generalized energy scale detector model was constructed and the detector response was simulated by means of toy Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that the non-linearity grows proportionally to a relative fraction of the Cherenkov light into the total light yield achieving the maximum for pure water Cherenkov detectors. The effect generally increa…
Recent neutrino oscillation results have shown that the existing long baseline experiments have some sensitivity to the effects of CP violation in the neutrino sector. This sensitivity is currently statistically limited, but the next generation of experiments, DUNE and Hyper-K, will provide an order of magnitude more events. To reach the full potential of these datasets we must achieve a commensurate improvement in our understanding of the systematic uncertainties that beset them. This talk describes two proposed intermediate detectors for the current and future long baseline oscillation exper…
The proposed introduction of a soluble gadolinium (Gd) compound into water Cherenkov detectors can result in a high efficiency for the detection of free neutrons capturing on the Gd. The delayed 8 MeV gamma cascades produced by these captures, in coincidence with a prompt positron signal, serve to uniquely identify electron antineutrinos interacting via inverse beta decay. Such coincidence detection can reduce backgrounds, allowing a large Gd-enhanced water Cherenkov detector to make the first observation of supernova relic neutrinos and high precision measurements of Japan's reactor antineutr…
We report on test results of a novel ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detection system consisting of a 3 meter long gaseous C4F8O radiator, a focusing mirror, and a photon detector array based on Hamamatsu multi-anode photomultiplier tubes. This system was developed to identify charged particles in the momentum range from 3-70 GeV/c for the BTeV experiment.
The method for studying characteristics of the response of optical modules of neutrino telescopes to various classes of events registered in the volume of the Cherenkov water detector NEVOD is discussed. Results of testing of an optical module with Hamamatsu R877 photomultiplier in single muon events and in events with high energy deposit are presented.
Gamma Neutron Radioactive Source Identification in Water Cherenkov Detectors
Departamento de Física de Neutrones, Centro Atómico Bariloche（中子物理系，巴拉德奥切原子能中心）；Instituto Balseiro, CNEA-UNCuyo（巴尔塞罗研究所，CNEA-门多萨国立大学）；Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander（桑坦德工业大学生物物理学院）；Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga（巴兰基亚自治大学基础科学系）；Fractalis Adventures & piensas.xyz（Fractalis探险与piensas.xyz）；Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)（国家科学研究委员会）
University of Manitoba（曼尼托巴大学）；TRIUMF；University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）
Matter-antimatter asymmetry is one of the major unsolved problems in physics that can be probed through precision measurements of charge-parity symmetry violation at current and next-generation neutrino oscillation experiments. In this work, we demonstrate the capability of variational autoencoders and normalizing flows to approximate the generative distribution of simulated data for water Cherenkov detectors commonly used in these experiments. We study the performance of these methods and their applicability for semi-supervised learning and synthetic data generation.
This Letter of Intent outlines a proposal to build a large, yet cost-effective, 100 kton fiducial mass water Cherenkov detector that will initially run in the NuMI beam line. The CHIPS detector (CHerenkov detector In Mine PitS) will be deployed in a flooded mine pit, removing the necessity and expense of a substantial external structure capable of supporting a large detector mass. There are a number of mine pits in northern Minnesota along the NuMI beam that could be used to deploy such a detector. In particular, the Wentworth Pit 2W is at the ideal off-axis angle to contribute to the measurem…
Antineutrino detectors are practical, non-intrusive tools capable of remotely monitoring the activity of nuclear reactors. Here we explore the sensitivity of the Super-Kamiokande water-Cherenkov detector, following gadolinium loading, to antineutrinos from a nuclear reactor complex at a distance of approximately 190 km. The livetimes required to observe the two currently operating cores in the reactor complex depend on the activity of other reactors in the vicinity, as well as on estimates of detection efficiency and background rates. Under reasonable assumptions, we find that gadolinium-loade…
Antineutrinos are an unavoidable byproduct of the fission process. The kiloton-scale KamLAND experiment has demonstrated the capability to detect reactor antineutrinos at few-hundred-km range. But to detect or rule out the existence of a single small reactor over many km requires a large detector. So large in fact that the optical opacity of the detection medium itself becomes an important factor. If the detector is so large that photons cannot traverse across the detector medium to an optical detector, then it becomes impractical. For this reason, gadolinium-doped-water Cherenkov detectors ha…
When a gamma or cosmic ray strikes the top of Earth's atmosphere, a shower of secondary particles moves toward the surface. Some of these secondary particles are charged muons that subsequently enter Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) on the ground. Many of these muons, traveling near the speed of light in vacuum, are moving faster than the speed of light in water and so trigger isotropic Cherenkov radiation in the WCDs. Inside many WCDs are photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) that detect this Cherenkov radiation. When the radial component of the speed of a muon toward a PMT drops from superluminal to …
A first experimental test of tracking relativistic charged particles by `drifting' Cherenkov photons in a water-based optical time-projection chamber (OTPC) has been performed at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. The prototype OTPC detector consists of a 77~cm long, 28~cm diameter, 40~kg cylindrical water mass instrumented with a combination of commercial $5.1\times5.1$~cm$^2$ micro-channel plate photo-multipliers (MCP-PMT) and $6.7\times6.7$~cm$^2$ mirrors. Five MCP-PMTs are installed in two columns along the OTPC cylinder in a small-angle stereo configuration. A mirror is mounted opposite eac…
The concept of a small, single-layer water Cherenkov detector, with three photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), placed at its bottom in a $120^{\circ}$ star configuration (\emph{Mercedes} Water Cherenkov Detector) is presented. The PMTs are placed near the lateral walls of the stations with an adjustable inclination and may be installed inside or outside the water volume. To illustrate the technical viability of this concept and obtain a first-order estimation of its cost, an engineering design was elaborated. The sensitivity of these stations to low energy Extensive Air Shower (EAS) electrons, photon…
The muon tagging is an essential tool to distinguish between gamma and hadron-induced showers in wide field-of-view gamma-ray observatories. In this work, it is shown that an efficient muon tagging (and counting) can be achieved using a water Cherenkov detector with a reduced water volume and 4 PMTs, provided that the PMT signal spatial and time patterns are interpreted by an analysis based on Machine Learning (ML). The developed analysis has been tested for different shower and array configurations. The output of the ML analysis, the probability of having a muon in the WCD station, has been u…
Cherenkov detectors employ various methods to maximize light collection at the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). These generally involve the use of highly reflective materials lining the interior of the detector, reflective materials around the PMTs, or wavelength-shifting sheets around the PMTs. Recently, the use of water-soluble wavelength-shifters has been explored to increase the measurable light yield of Cherenkov radiation in water. These wave-shifting chemicals are capable of absorbing light in the ultravoilet and re-emitting the light in a range detectable by PMTs. Using a 250 L water Cher…
We report on the design and commissioning of two silica aerogel Cherenkov detectors with different refractive indices. In particular, extraordinary performance in terms of the number of detected photoelectrons was achieved through an appropriate choice of PMT type and reflector, along with some design considerations. After four years of operation, the number of detected photoelectrons was found to be noticeably reduced in both detectors as a result of contamination, yellowing, of the aerogel material. Along with the details of the set-up, we illustrate the characteristics of the detectors duri…
We describe the particle identification capability of the CLEO RICH system. This system consists of a 1 cm thick LiF radiator coupled to a photon detector that uses wire proportional chambers filled with a mixture of CH$_4$ and TEA. We discuss the yield of photoelectrons observed per ring and the angular resolution. We show the efficiencies achieved for particle identification and the associated fake rates from data collected with both CLEO III and CLEO-c detectors. Finally we show examples of the particle separation ability which is excellent for both CLEO III and CLEO-c data.
The light yield of a water-based Cherenkov detector can be significantly improved by adding a wavelength shifter. Wavelength shifter (WLS) molecules absorb ultraviolet photons and re-emit them at longer wavelengths where typical photomultiplier tubes are more sensitive. In this study, several wavelength shifter compounds are tested for possible deployment in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). Test results on optical properties and chemical compatibility for a few WLS candidates are reported; together with timing and gain measurements. A Monte Carlo simulation of the SNO detector response …
A combination Time Projection Chamber-Cherenkov prototype detector has been developed as part of the Detector R&D Program for a future Electron Ion Collider. The prototype was tested at the Fermilab test beam facility to provide a proof of principle to demonstrate that the detector is able to measure particle tracks and provide particle identification information within a common detector volume. The TPC portion consists of a 10x10x10cm3 field cage, which delivers charge from tracks to a 10x10cm2 quadruple GEM readout. Tracks are reconstructed by interpolating the hit position of clusters on an…
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；University of Regina（里贾纳大学）
Imaging Cherenkov detectors form the backbone of particle identification (PID) at the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC). Currently all the designs for the first EIC detector proposal use a dual Ring Imaging CHerenkov (dRICH) detector in the hadron endcap, a Detector for Internally Reflected Cherenkov (DIRC) light in the barrel, and a modular RICH (mRICH) in the electron endcap. These detectors involve optical processes with many photons that need to be tracked through complex surfaces at the simulation level, while for reconstruction they rely on pattern recognition of ring images. This proce…
A water Cherenkov detector array, LHAASO-WCDA, is proposed to be built at Shangri-la, Yunnan Province, China. As one of the major components of the LHAASO project, the main purpose of it is to survey the northern sky for gamma ray sources in the energy range from 100 GeV to 30 TeV. In order to design the water Cherenkov array efficiently to economize the budget, a Monte Carlo simulation is proceeded. With the help of the simulation, cost performance of different configurations of the array is obtained and compared with each other, serving as a guide for the more detailed design of the experime…
In this work we investigate and parameterize the amount and angular distribution of Cherenkov photons, which are generated by low-energy secondary particles (typically $\lesssim 500 $\,MeV), which accompany a muon track in water or ice. These secondary particles originate from small energy loss processes. We investigate the contributions of the different energy loss processes as a function of the muon energy and the maximum transferred energy. For the calculation of the angular distribution we have developed a generic transformation method, which allows us to derive the angular distribution of…
In this paper, novel methods are presented to measure the optical properties of muon detectors (MDs) in the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), which can also be used by other experiments. Each MD consists of a cylindrical water Cherenkov detector, with a Tyvek liner containing pure water, and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) mounted on the top. The time distribution of the photons collected by the PMT in the water Cherenkov detector have an approximately exponential distribution, and their decay factor is determined by the photon absorption length in the water, the reflectivity o…
National Research University Higher School of Economics（俄罗斯高等经济研究大学）；Università di Roma La Sapienza（罗马第一大学）；Yandex School of Data Analysis（Yandex数据分析学院）；Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology（莫斯科物理技术学院）
We propose a way to simulate Cherenkov detector response using a generative adversarial neural network to bypass low-level details. This network is trained to reproduce high level features of the simulated detector events based on input observables of incident particles. This allows the dramatic increase of simulation speed. We demonstrate that this approach provides simulation precision which is consistent with the baseline and discuss possible implications of these results.
Cherenkov detectors are in use today in small experiments as well as modern ones as those at the LHC. This short note is about the construction of a small Cherenkov detector with limited resources, which could be used to observe the cosmic rays. The Cherenkov light obtained in this particular detector is read with a photo multiplier tube and its signal is observed on an oscilloscope. The detector construction can be achieved by relatively simple means and can be used as an educational tool.
This paper describes the design and construction of a Cherenkov detector conceived with regard to high energy Compton polarimeters for the International Linear Collider, where beam diagnostic systems of unprecedented precision must complement the interaction region detectors to pursue an ambitious physics programme. Besides the design of a prototype Cherenkov detector, detailed simulation studies are presented. Results of a first testbeam campaign with the main objective of validating the simulation in terms of the light distribution inside the channels and the channel response are presented. …
In order to fully exploit the physics potential of the ILC, it will be necessary to measure (and control) beam parameters to a permille level precision. In case of the beam polarisation, this can only be achieved with dedicated high energy Compton polarimeters and by improving the detector linearity, as well as the calibration of the analyzing power. This note summarises results of an early testbeam period with the Cherenkov detector of the SLD polarimeter, linearity measurements of readout electronics and photodetectors and compares simulation results of the SLD Cherenkov detector with those …
An algorithm for identifying rings in Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors is described. The algorithm is necessarily Bayesian and makes use of a Metropolis-Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler to locate the rings. In particular, the sampler employs a novel proposal function whose form is responsible for significant speed improvements over similar methods. The method is optimised for finding multiple overlapping rings in detectors which can be modelled well by the LHbC RICH toy model described herein.
Monitoring of high energy cosmic ray neutrons is of particular interest for cosmic ray water Cherenkov detectors as intense bundles of delayed neutrons have been found to arrive after the initial passage of a high energy air shower. In this paper we explore the possibility of building large-area high-energy neutron monitors using gadolinium-loaded Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs). GEANT4 simulations of photon production in WCDs are used to estimate the maximum detection efficiency for a hypothetical system. Requiring a series of neutron induced gamma ray flashes distributed over an extended pe…
The research of geoneutrino is a new interdisciplinary subject of particle experiments and geo-science. Potassium-40 ($^\text{40}$K) decays contribute roughly 1/3 of the radiogenic heat of the Earth, but it is still missing from the experimental observation. Solar neutrino experiments with liquid scintillators have observed uranium and thorium geoneutrinos and are the most promising in the low-background neutrino detection. In this article, we present the new concept of using liquid-scintillator Cherenkov detectors to detect the neutrino-electron elastic scattering process of $^\text{40}$K geo…
