We consider the non-equilibrium dynamics of a gas of impenetrable bosons released from a harmonic trapping potential to a circle. The many body dynamics is solved analytically and the time dependence of all the physically relevant correlations is described. We prove that, for large times and in the thermodynamic limit, the reduced density matrix of any subsystem converges to a generalized Gibbs ensemble as a consequence of the integrability of the model. We discuss the approach to the stationary behavior at late times. We also describe the time-dependence of the entanglement entropy which attains a very simple form in the stationary state.
A significant feature of the one-dimensional super Tonks-Girardeau gas is its metastable gas-like state with a stronger Fermi-like pressure than for free fermions which prevents a collapse of atoms. This naturally suggests a way to search for such strongly correlated behaviour in systems of interacting fermions in one dimension. We thus show that the strongly attractive Fermi gas without polarization can be effectively described by a super Tonks-Girardeau gas composed of bosonic Fermi pairs with attractive pair-pair interaction. A natural description of such super Tonks-Girardeau gases is prov…
We consider the general problem of quenching an interacting Bose gas from the noninteracting regime to the strong repulsive case described by the Tonks-Girardeau limit, with the initial state being a gaussian ensemble for the bosons. A generic multi-point correlation function in the steady state can be fully described in terms of a Fredholm-like determinant suitable both for a numerical study and for an analytical study in certain limiting cases. Finally, we extend the study to the presence of a smooth confining potential showing that, in the thermodynamic limit, the time evolution of the two-…
We investigate the large-time asymptotical behavior of a mobile impurity immersed in a degenerate Tonks-Girardeau gas. We derive a correct weak-coupling kinetic equation valid for arbitrary ratio of masses of gas and impurity particles. When gas particles are either lighter or heavier than the impurity we find that our theory is equivalent to the Boltzmann theory with the collision integral calculated via the Fermi Golden Rule. On the contrary, in the equal-mass case, Fermi Golden Rule treatment gives false results due to not accounting for multiple coherent scattering events. The latter are t…
We investigate transition of a one-dimensional interacting Bose gas from a strongly repulsive regime to a strongly attractive regime, where a stable highly excited state known as the super Tonks-Girardeau gas was experimentally realized very recently. By solving exact dynamics of the integrable Lieb-Liniger Bose gas, we demonstrate that such an excited gas state can be a very stable dynamic state. Furthermore we calculate the breathing mode of the super Tonks-Girardeau gas which is found to be in good agreement with experimental observation. Our results show that the highly excited super Tonks…
We study the non-equilibrium dynamics of a Tonks-Girardeau gas released from a parabolic trap to a circle. We present the exact analytic solution of the many body dynamics and prove that, for large times and in a properly defined thermodynamic limit, the reduced density matrix of any finite subsystem converges to a generalized Gibbs ensemble. The equilibration mechanism is expected to be the same for all one-dimensional systems.
We demonstrate that a kind of highly excited state of strongly attractive Hubbard model, named of Fermi super-Tonks-Girardeau state, can be realized in the spin-1/2 Fermi optical lattice system by a sudden switch of interaction from the strongly repulsive regime to the strongly attractive regime. In contrast to the ground state of the attractive Hubbard model, such a state is the lowest scattering state with no pairing between attractive fermions. With the aid of Bethe-ansatz method, we calculate energies of both the Fermi Tonks-Girardeau gas and the Fermi super-Tonks-Girardeau state of spin-1…
We study the local correlations in the super Tonks-Girardeau gas, a highly excited, strongly correlated state obtained in quasi one-dimensional Bose gases by tuning the scattering length to large negative values using a confinement-induced resonance. Exploiting a connection with a relativistic field theory, we obtain results for the two-body and three-body local correlators at zero and finite temperature. At zero temperature our result for the three-body correlator agrees with the extension of the results of Cheianov et al. [Phys. Rev. A 73, 051604(R) (2006)], obtained for the ground-state of …
We derive an exact description of the non-equilibrium dynamics at finite temperature for the anyonic Tonks-Girardeau gas extending the results of Atas et al. [Phys. Rev. A 95, 043622 (2017)] to the case of arbitrary statistics. The one-particle reduced density matrix is expressed as the Fredholm minor of an integral operator with the kernel being the one-particle Green's function of free fermions at finite temperature and the statistics parameter determining the constant in front of the integral operator. We show that the numerical evaluation of this representation using Nyström's method signi…
We study a one dimensional gas of repulsively interacting ultracold bosons trapped in a double-well potential as the atom-atom interactions are tuned from zero to infinity. We concentrate on the properties of the excited states which evolve from the so-called NOON states to the NOON Tonks-Girardeau states. The relation between the latter and the Bose-Fermi mapping limit is explored. We state under which conditions NOON Tonks-Girardeau states, which are not predicted by the Bose-Fermi mapping, will appear in the spectrum.
We investigate the Bose gas with repulsive or attractive interactions between atoms in the scheme of Bethe Ansatz equation in a hard wall trap. Three typical quantum phases in the current research of 1D interacting cold atoms are clarified in terms of the energy spectrum, single particle density distribution and two-particle correlation function. We identify two matching points in the phase diagram, i.e. the TG and STG gas show the same profiles at the strongly interacting point $-1/γ=0$, and in the weakly interacting limit $γ=0$ the ground states TG and BS join to each other smoothly.
In the strong interaction limit, attractive fermions with $N$-component hyperfine states in a one-dimensional waveguide form unbreakable bound cluster states. We demonstrate that the ground state of strongly attractive SU($N$) Fermi gases can be effectively described by a super Tonks-Girardeau gas-like state composed of bosonic cluster states with strongly attractive cluster-cluster interaction for even $N$, and a Fermi duality of a super Tonks-Girardeau gas-like state composed of fermionic cluster states with weakly interacting cluster-cluster p-wave interaction for odd $N$.
We theoretically demonstrate features of Anderson localization in the Tonks-Girardeau gas confined in one-dimensional (1D) potentials with controlled disorder. That is, we investigate the evolution of the single particle density and correlations of a Tonks-Girardeau wave packet in such disordered potentials. The wave packet is initially trapped, the trap is suddenly turned off, and after some time the system evolves into a localized steady state due to Anderson localization. The density tails of the steady state decay exponentially, while the coherence in these tails increases. The latter phen…
A scheme for the generation of a Tonks-Girardeau gas of photons with purely dissipative interaction is described. We put forward a master equation approach for the description of stationary light in atomic four-level media and show that, under suitable conditions, two particle decays are the dominant photon loss mechanism. These dissipative two-photon losses increase the interaction strength by at least one order of magnitude as compared to dispersive two-photon processes and can drive the photons into the Tonks-Girardeau regime. Different scenarios for the observation of fermionic correlation…
We determine the finite-temperature momentum distribution of a strongly interacting 1D Bose gas in the Tonks-Girardeau (impenetrable-boson) limit under harmonic confinement, and explore its universal properties associated to the scale invariance of the model. We show that, at difference from the unitary Fermi gas in three dimensions, the weight of its large-momentum tails -- given by the Tan's contact -- increase with temperature, and calculate the high-temperature universal second contact coefficient using a virial expansion.
We study the stability of gap solitons of the super-Tonks-Girardeau bosonic gas in one-dimensional periodic potential. The linear stability analysis indicates that increasing the amplitude of periodic potential or decreasing the nonlinear interactions, the unstable gap solitons can become stable. In particular, the theoretical analysis and numerical calculations show that, comparing to the lower-family of gap solitons, the higher-family of gap solitons are easy to form near the bottoms of the linear Bloch band gaps. The numerical results also verify that the composition relations between vario…
We study the dynamical response of a Tonks-Girardeau gas on a ring induced by a moving delta-barrier potential. An exact solution based on the time-dependent Bose-Fermi mapping allows to obtain the particle current, its fluctuations and the drag force acting on the barrier. The exact solution is analyzed numerically as well as analytically in the perturbative regime of weak barrier strength. In the weak barrier limit the stirring drives the system into a state with net zero current for velocities $v$ smaller than $v_c=π\hbar /mL$, with $m$ the atomic mass and $L$ the ring circumference. At $v$…
We prove that the ground state momentum distribution of a one-dimensional system of impenetrable bosons exhibits a $k^{-4}$ tail for any confining potential. We also derive an expression for easily computing the asymptotic occupation numbers and verify our results with an exact numerical approach.
A harmonically trapped ultracold 1D spin-1 Bose gas with strongly repulsive or attractive 1D even-wave interactions induced by a 3D Feshbach resonance is studied. The exact ground state, a hybrid of Tonks-Girardeau (TG) and ideal Fermi gases, is constructed in the TG limit of infinite even-wave repulsion by a spinor Fermi-Bose mapping to a spinless ideal Fermi gas. It is then shown that in the limit of infinite even-wave attraction this same state remains an exact many-body eigenstate, now highly excited relative to the collapsed generalized McGuire cluster ground state, showing that the hybri…
A kinetic theory describing the motion of an impurity particle in a degenerate Tonks-Girardeau gas is presented. The theory is based on the one-dimensional Boltzmann equation. An iterative procedure for solving this equation is proposed, leading to the exact solution in number of special cases and to an approximate solution with the explicitly specified precision in a general case. Previously we have reported that the impurity reaches a non-thermal steady state, characterized by an impurity momentum $p_\infty$ depending on its initial momentum $p_0$. In the present paper the detailed derivatio…
We compute the fluctuations of the number of bosons with a given momentum for the Tonks-Girardeau gas at zero temperature. We show that correlations between opposite momenta, which is an important fingerprint of long range order in weakly interacting Bose systems, are suppressed and that the full distribution of the number of bosons with non zero momentum is exponential. The distribution of the quasi-condensate is however quasi Gaussian. Experimental relevance of our findings for recent cold atoms experiments are discussed.
In this article, we consider the monopole excitations of the harmonically trapped Bose gas in the vicinity of the Tonks-Girardeau limit. Using Girardeau's Fermi-Bose duality and subsequently an effective fermion-fermion odd-wave interaction, we obtain the dominant correction to the scale-invariance-protected value of the excitation frequency, for microscopically small excitation amplitudes. We produce a series of diffusion Monte Carlo results that confirm our analytic prediction for three particles. And less expectedly, our result stands in excellent agreement with the result of a hydrodynamic…
We construct the exact time dependent density profile for a superposition of the ground and singly excited states of a harmonically trapped one dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate in the limit of strongly interacting particles, the Tonks-Girardeau gas. Results of an off resonant light scattering experiment probing the system could allow to determine the number of particles contained in the gas, as well as the coefficients of the superposition.
We investigate the applicability of laser assisted tunneling in a strongly interacting one-dimensional Bose gas (the Tonks-Girardeau gas) in optical lattices. We find that the stroboscopic dynamics of the Tonks-Girardeau gas in a continuous Wannier-Stark-ladder potential, supplemented with laser assisted tunneling, effectively realizes the ground state of one-dimensional hard-core bosons in a discrete lattice with nontrivial hopping phases. We compare observables that are affected by the interactions, such as the momentum distribution, natural orbitals and their occupancies, in the time-depend…
In the present paper we investigate the Tonks-Girardeau gas confined in a harmonic trap at finite temperature with thermal Bose-Fermi mapping method. The pair distribution, density distribution, reduced one-body density matrix, the occupations number of natural orbitals, and momentum distribution are evaluated. In the whole temperature regime the pair distribution and density distribution exhibit the same properties as those of polarized free Fermions because both of them depend on the modulus of wavefunction rather than wavefunction. While the reduced one-body density matrix, the natural orbi…
In a recent paper, arxiv:1402.6362, Gamayun, Lychkovskiy, and Cheianov studied the dynamics of a mobile impurity embedded into a one-dimensional Tonks-Girardeau gas of strongly interacting bosons. Employing the Boltzmann equation approach, they arrived at the following main conclusions: (i) a light impurity, being accelerated by a constant force does not exhibit Bloch oscillations; (ii) a heavy impurity does undergo Bloch oscillations, accompanied by a drift with the velocity proportional to the square root of force. In this comment we argue that the result (i) is an artifact of the classical …
We consider the Tonks-Girardeau gas subject to a random external potential. If the disorder is such that the underlying one-particle Hamiltonian displays localization (which is known to be generically the case), we show that there is exponential decay of correlations in the many-body eigenstates. Moreover, there is no Bose-Einstein condensation and no superfluidity, even at zero temperature.
The scaling of the largest eigenvalue $λ_0$ of the one-body density matrix of a system with respect to its particle number $N$ defines an exponent $\mathcal{C}$ and a coefficient $\mathcal{B}$ via the asymptotic relation $λ_0 \sim \mathcal{B}\,N^{\mathcal{C}}$. The case $\mathcal{C}=1$ corresponds to off-diagonal long-range order. For a one-dimensional homogeneous Tonks-Girardeau gas, a well known result also confirmed by bosonization gives instead $\mathcal{C}=1/2$. Here we investigate the inhomogeneous case, initially addressing the behaviour of $\mathcal{C}$ in presence of a general externa…
We compute the fluctuations of the number of bosons with a given momentum for the Tonks-Girardeau gas at zero and finite temperature in a harmonic trap. We show that correlations between opposite momentum states $p$, which is an important fingerprint of long range order in weakly interacting Bose systems are suppressed. Non trivial correlations, including negative correlations are observed for momenta smaller or of the order of the inverse radius of the gas. The full distribution of the number of bosons with momentum $p$ exhibits an interesting crossover from a non trivial distribution at zero…
We study the pinning quantum phase transition in a Tonks-Girardeau gas, both in equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium, using the ground state fidelity and the Loschmidt echo as diagnostic tools. The ground state fidelity (GSF) will have a dramatic decrease when the atomic density approaches the commensurate density of one particle per lattice well. This decrease is a signature of the pinning transition from the Tonks to the Mott insulating phase. We study the applicability of the fidelity for diagnosing the pinning transition in experimentally realistic scenarios. Our results are in excellent agr…
Fermi gases confined in tight one-dimensional waveguides form two-particle bound states of atoms in the presence of a strongly attractive interaction. Based on the exact solution of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 interacting Fermi gas, we demonstrate that a stable excited state with no pairing between attractive fermionic atoms can be realized by a sudden switch of interaction from strongly repulsive regime to the strongly attractive regime. Such a state is an exact fermionic analog of the experimentally observed super-Tonks-Girardeau state of bosonic Cesium atoms [Science 325, 1224 (2009)] and …
We show that a Tonks-Girardeau (TG) gas that is immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate can undergo a transition to a crystal-like Mott state with regular spacing between the atoms without any externally imposed lattice potential. We characterize this phase transition as a function of the interspecies interaction and temperature of the TG gas, and show how it can be measured via accessible observables in cold atom experiments. We also develop an effective model that accurately describes the system in the pinned insulator state and which allows us to derive the critical temperature of the transi…
We investigate the properties of a Tonks-Girardeau gas in the presence of a one-dimensional lattice potential. Such a system is known to exhibit a pinning transition when the lattice is commensurate with the particle density, leading to the formation of an insulating state even at infinitesimally small lattice depths. Here we examine the properties of the gas at all lattices depths and, in addition to the static properties, also consider the non-adiabatic dynamics induced by the sudden motion of the lattice potential with a constant speed. Our work provides a continuum counterpart to the work …
We study the decay properties of Tonks-Girardeau gases escaping from a double-well potential. Initially, the gases are constrained between two infinite $δ$ barriers with an on-center $δ$-split potential. The strength of one of the obstacles is suddenly reduced, and the particles start to tunnel to the open space. Using the resonance expansion method, we derive the single-term approximate expression for the $N$-particle survival probability and demonstrate its effectiveness in both the exponential and nonexponential regimes. We also predict a parity effect and provide physical insights into its…
We study the dynamical depinning following a sudden turn off of an optical lattice for a gas of impenetrable bosons in a tight atomic waveguide. We use a Bose-Fermi mapping to infer the exact quantum dynamical evolution. At long times, in the thermodynamic limit, we observe the approach to a non-equilibrium steady state, characterized by the absence of quasi-long-range order and a reduced visibility in the momentum distribution. Similar features are found in a finite-size system at times corresponding to half the revival time, where we find that the system approaches a quasi-steady state with …
In the present paper we investigate the ground state of Tonks-Girardeau gas under density-dependent gauge potential. With Bose-Fermi mapping method we obtain the exact ground state wavefunction for the system confined in a harmonic potential. Based on the ground state wavefunction, the reduced one body density matrix (ROBDM), natural orbitals and their occupations, and the momentum distributions are obtained. Compared with the case without gauge potential, the present wavefunction and ROBDM have additional phase factors induced by gauge potential. The momentum distribution is the convolution o…
We investigate the correlation properties of the ground state of Tonks-Gigrardeal gases in the momentum space. With Bose-Fermi mapping method the exact ground state wavefunction in coordinate space can be obtained basing on the wavefunction of spin-polarized Fermions. By Fourier transformation we obtain the ground state wavefunction in momentum space, and therefore the momentum distribution, pair correlation and the reduced one-body density matrix (ROBDM) in momentum space. The ROBDM in momentum space is the Fourier transformation of the ROBDM in coordinate space and the pair correlation in mo…
The relations among the occupation number of the lowest natural orbital (ONLNO), momentum distributions (MD) and off-diagonal long-range element (ODLRE) of the reduced single-particle density matrix (RSPDM) are studied while Tonks-Girardeau gas in one dimensional periodic potential is in the ground state. For $N$-body systems of large enough, RSPDM and its lowest natural orbital do not vary with $N$ in overlapped areas in commensurate and incommensurate cases correspondingly. In commensurate case, the ODLRE is exponential attenuation with $N$, which results in that the ONLNO and MD are invaria…
We consider a 1D Bose gas with attractive interactions in an out-of-equilibrium highly excited state containing no bound states. We show that relaxation processes in the gas are suppressed, making the system metastable on long timescales. We compute dynamical correlation functions, revealing the structure of excitations, an enhancement of umklapp correlations and new branches due to intermediate bound states. These features give a clear indication of the attractive regime and can be probed experimentally. We observe that, despite its out-of-equilibrium nature, the system displays critical beha…
Aiming at studying the emergence of Non-Equilibrium Steady States (NESS) in quantum integrable models by means of an exact analytical method, we focus on the Tonks-Girardeau or hard-core boson limit of the Lieb-Liniger model. We consider the abrupt expansion of a gas from one half to the entire confining box, a prototypical case of inhomogeneous quench, also known as "geometric quench". Based on the exact calculation of quench overlaps, we develop an analytical method for the derivation of the NESS by rigorously treating the thermodynamic and large time and distance limit. Our method is based …
We investigate the static and dynamic properties of a Tonks-Girardeau gas in a harmonic trap with an eccentric $δ$-perturbation of variable strength. For this we first find the analytic eigensolution of the single particle problem and use this solution to calculate the spatial density and energy profiles of the many particle gas as a function of the strength and position of the perturbation. We find that the crystal nature of the Tonks state is reflected in both the lowest occupation number and momentum distribution of the gas. As a novel application of our model, we study the time evolution o…
We apply the theory of Quantum Generalized Hydrodynamics (QGHD) introduced in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 140603 (2020)] to derive asymptotically exact results for the density fluctuations and the entanglement entropy of a one-dimensional trapped Bose gas in the Tonks-Girardeau (TG) or hard-core limit, after a trap quench from a double well to a single well. On the analytical side, the quadratic nature of the theory of QGHD is complemented with the emerging conformal invariance at the TG point to fix the universal part of those quantities. Moreover, the well-known mapping of hard-core bosons to fre…
Recent experiments have demonstrated how quantum-mechanical impurities can be created within strongly correlated quantum gases and used to probe the coherence properties of these systems [S. Palzer, C. Zipkes, C. Sias, and M. Köhl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 150601 (2009).]. Here we present a phenomenological model to simulate such an output coupler for a Tonks-Girardeau gas that shows qualitative agreement with the experimental results for atom transport and output coupling. Our model allows us to explore nonequilibrium transport phenomena in ultracold quantum gases and leads us to predict a regim…
We investigate the propagation of spin impurity atoms through a strongly interacting one-dimensional Bose gas. The initially well localized impurities are accelerated by a constant force, very much analogous to electrons subject to a bias voltage, and propagate as a one-dimensional impurity spin wave packet. We follow the motion of the impurities in situ and characterize the interaction induced dynamics. We observe a very complex non-equilibrium dynamics, including the emergence of large density fluctuations in the remaining Bose gas, and multiple scattering events leading to dissipation of th…
This article is based on the talk with the same title at the Blaubeuren meeting. First we discuss briefly the importance of time and time keeping, explaining the basic functioning of clocks in general and atomic clocks in particular, which rely on Ramsey interferometry. The usefulness of cold atoms is discussed as well as their limits in Bose-Einstein condensates. An alternative that we study is a different cold-atom regime: the Tonks-Girardeau (TG) gas of tightly confined and strongly interacting bosons. The TG gas is reviewed and then generalized for two-level atoms. Finally, we explore the …
Excitons in two-dimensional semiconductors provide a novel platform for fundamental studies of many-body interactions. In particular, dipolar interactions between spatially indirect excitons may give rise to strongly correlated phases of matter that so far have been out of reach of experiments. Here, we show that excitonic few-body systems in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides undergo a crossover from a Tonks-Girardeau to a charge-density-wave regime. To this end, we take into account realistic system parameters and predict the effective exciton-exciton interaction potential. We …
Spin-incoherent Luttinger liquid (SILL) is a different universal class from the Luttinger liquid.\ This difference results from the spin incoherence of the system when the thermal energy of the system is higher than the spin excitation energy.\ We consider one-dimensional spin-$1$ Bose gas in the SILL regime and investigate its spin-dependent many-body properties.\ In Tonks-Girardeau limit, we are able to write down the general wave functions in a harmonic trap.\ We numerically calculate the spin-dependent (spin-plus, minus, and $0$) momentum distributions in the sector of zero magnetization w…
Repulsive soft-core atomic systems may undergo clustering if their density is high enough that core overlap is unavoidable. In one-dimensional quantum systems, it has been shown that this instability triggers a transition from a Luttinger liquid to various cluster Luttinger liquids. Here, we focus on the Luttinger liquid regime and theoretically study the evolution of key observables related to density fluctuations, that manifest a striking dependence on density. We tune the interaction so that the low-density regime corresponds to a Tonks-Girardeau gas, and show that as the density is increas…
