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arXiv 1306.3387astro-ph.HE
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用钱德拉天文台的全部X射线探测器测量仙后座A中中子星的冷却

Measuring the Cooling of the Neutron Star in Cassiopeia A with all Chandra X-ray Observatory Detectors

K. G. Elshamouty, C. O. Heinke, G. R. Sivakoff, W. C. G. Ho, P. S. Shternin, D. G. Yakovlev, D. J. Patnaude, L. David

摘要:

年轻中子星(NS)的热演化反映了其核心的中微子发射特性。Heinke等人(2010年)在2000年至2009年期间测量了仙后座A(Cas A)NS表面温度的3.6+/-0.6%衰减,使用钱德拉X射线天文台ACIS-S探测器在分级模式下的存档数据。Page等人(2011年)和Shternin等人(2011年)将这种衰变归因于核心超流中子跃迁产生的中微子发射增强。在这里,我们测试这种下降,结合分析的Cas A NS使用所有钱德拉X射线探测器和模式(HRC-S,HRC-I,ACIS-I,ACIS-S在微弱模式,ACIS-S在分级模式),并添加2012年5月ACIS-S分级模式的观察,使用最新的校准(CALDB 4.5.5.1)。我们分别测量每个探测器的温度变化,并测试由于超新星遗迹附近的灯丝而产生的系统效应。根据HRC-S数据推断,我们发现有效温度在10年内衰减0.92%-2.0%,这取决于源和背景提取区域的选择,最佳拟合衰减为1.0+/-0.7%。相比之下,ACIS-S分级数据表明,10年内温度衰减为3.1%-5.0%,最佳拟合衰减为3.5+/-0.4%。使用其他探测器进行的较浅观测在10年内产生的温度衰减为2.6+/-1.9%(ACIS-I)、2.1+/-1.0%(HRC-I)和2.1+/-1.9%(ACIS-S微弱模式)。我们的最佳估计显示,10年内下降了2.9+/-0.9(stat)+1.6/-0.3(sys)%。明亮和变化的超新星遗迹背景的复杂性使得对档案Cas A Chandra观测的明确解释变得困难。在10年内温度下降1-3.5%将表明NS的冷却速度非常快,这可以通过恒星核心核子的超流性来调节。

英文摘要:

The thermal evolution of young neutron stars (NSs) reflects the neutrino emission properties of their cores. Heinke et al. (2010) measured a 3.6+/-0.6% decay in the surface temperature of the Cassiopeia A (Cas A) NS between 2000 and 2009, using archival data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory ACIS-S detector in Graded mode. Page et al. (2011) and Shternin et al. (2011) attributed this decay to enhanced neutrino emission from a superfluid neutron transition in the core. Here we test this decline, combining analysis of the Cas A NS using all Chandra X-ray detectors and modes (HRC-S, HRC-I, ACIS-I, ACIS-S in Faint mode, and ACIS-S in Graded mode) and adding a 2012 May ACIS-S Graded mode observation, using the most current calibrations (CALDB 4.5.5.1). We measure the temperature changes from each detector separately and test for systematic effects due to the nearby filaments of the supernova remnant. We find a 0.92%-2.0% decay over 10 years in the effective temperature, inferred from HRC-S data, depending on the choice of source and background extraction regions, with a best-fit decay of 1.0+/-0.7%. In comparison, the ACIS-S Graded data indicate a temperature decay of 3.1%-5.0% over 10 years, with a best-fit decay of 3.5+/-0.4%. Shallower observations using the other detectors yield temperature decays of 2.6+/-1.9% (ACIS-I), 2.1+/-1.0% (HRC-I), and 2.1+/-1.9% (ACIS-S Faint mode) over 10 years. Our best estimate indicates a decline of 2.9+/-0.9 (stat) +1.6/-0.3 (sys) % over 10 years. The complexity of the bright and varying supernova remnant background makes a definitive interpretation of archival Cas A Chandra observations difficult. A temperature decline of 1-3.5% over 10 years would indicate extraordinarily fast cooling of the NS that can be regulated by superfluidity of nucleons in the stellar core.

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