arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1306.2725cs.DMmath.CO
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三次图的可解性--从四色定理到NP完全

Solvability of Cubic Graphs - From Four Color Theorem to NP-Complete

Tony T. Lee, Qingqi Shi

摘要:

与欧几里得几何相似,图论是一门研究由点和线组成的图形的科学。欧几里得几何的核心是平行公设,它提供了几何不变式的基础,即每个三角形的角之和等于$π$,以及解线性方程组的克莱默法则。由于平行公设在图论中的对应物是未知的,这可能是图论中的两个类似问题,即四色定理(拓扑不变量)和NP完全问题(离散联立方程组)的可解性,至今仍然开放的原因。本文基于三次图的复着色,提出了Petersen构型的约化公设,填补了这一空白。将边染色与线性方程组进行比较,发现图论中的归约公设与欧氏几何中的平行公设具有平面的一些共同特征。首先,它们都提供了平面上两个方程的可解性条件。第二,平面的两个基本不变量,即无桥三次平面图的色指数和每个三角形中的角和,可以分别以直接的方式从它们导出。这一归约假设已被计算机生成的十多万个Peterson组态实例所验证。尽管如此,我们仍然没有一个合乎逻辑的证据来证明这一论断。与平行公设类似,我们倾向于认为用平面的更基本的性质来描述这些自然定律是不可想象的。

英文摘要:

Similar to Euclidean geometry, graph theory is a science that studies figures that consist of points and lines. The core of Euclidean geometry is the parallel postulate, which provides the basis of the geometric invariant that the sum of the angles in every triangle equals $π$ and Cramer's rule for solving simultaneous linear equations. Since the counterpart of parallel postulate in graph theory is not known, which could be the reason that two similar problems in graph theory, namely the four color theorem (a topological invariant) and the solvability of NP-complete problems (discrete simultaneous equations), remain open to date. In this paper, based on the complex coloring of cubic graphs, we propose the reducibility postulate of the Petersen configuration to fill this gap. Comparing edge coloring with a system of linear equations, we found that the postulate of reducibility in graph theory and the parallel postulate in Euclidean geometry share some common characteristics of the plane. First, they both provide solvability conditions on two equations in the plane. Second, the two basic invariants of the plane, namely the chromatic index of bridgeless cubic plane graphs and the sum of the angles in every triangle, can be respectively deduced from them in a straightforward manner. This reducibility postulation has been verified by more than one hundred thousand instances of Peterson configurations generated by computer. Despite that, we still don't have a logical proof of this assertion. Similar to that of the parallel postulate, we tend to think that describing these natural laws by even more elementary properties of the plane is inconceivable.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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