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arXiv 1306.0576astro-ph.EP
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由内而外的行星形成

Inside-Out Planet Formation

Sourav Chatterjee, Jonathan C. Tan

摘要:

开普勒发现的多凌星行星系统对行星形成理论提出了挑战。有人建议,从具有径向质量表面密度$Σ$的盘就地形成,其轮廓类似于最小质量太阳星云(MMSN),但通过因子$\gtrsim 10$在标准化中得到增强。我们建议,一个更自然的方式来创建这些行星的内盘是形成顺序从内到外,通过创建连续的重力不稳定的环喂从一个连续的小流(~厘米-米大小)“卵石”,漂移通过气体阻力向内。卵石在与从磁旋转不稳定性(MRI)非活动(“死区”)区域到内部MRI活动区域的过渡相关联的最大压力下收集。一个卵石环逐渐形成,直到它变得引力不稳定,直接形成一颗$\sim 1\ M_\oplus$行星,或者通过核心吸积逐渐形成行星形成。这颗行星可能会经历I型迁移,进入活跃区,从而形成新的卵石环和行星。或者,如果迁移效率低,行星可能会继续从盘中吸积,直到它变得足够大,将自己从吸积流中隔离出来。不同的密度可能会导致取决于相对重要性的残余气体吸积的行星接近其孤立的质量。这个过程可以重复,新的卵石环聚集在新的压力最大值与后退死区边界。我们对这种由内而外的行星形成的简单分析模型产生了行星质量,相对质量与轨道半径的比例关系,以及与开普勒所看到的最小轨道间隔一致的最小轨道间隔。它从典型的原行星盘属性出发,解释了大质量行星如何形成紧密排列和排列良好的系统架构。

英文摘要:

The compact multi-transiting planet systems discovered by Kepler challenge planet formation theories. Formation in situ from disks with radial mass surface density, $Σ$, profiles similar to the minimum mass solar nebula (MMSN) but boosted in normalization by factors $\gtrsim 10$ has been suggested. We propose that a more natural way to create these planets in the inner disk is formation sequentially from the inside-out via creation of successive gravitationally unstable rings fed from a continuous stream of small (~cm--m size) "pebbles", drifting inwards via gas drag. Pebbles collect at the pressure maximum associated with the transition from a magneto-rotational instability (MRI)-inactive ("dead zone") region to an inner MRI-active zone. A pebble ring builds up until it either becomes gravitationally unstable to form an $\sim 1\ M_\oplus$ planet directly or induces gradual planet formation via core accretion. The planet may undergo Type I migration into the active region, allowing a new pebble ring and planet to form behind it. Alternatively if migration is inefficient, the planet may continue to accrete from the disk until it becomes massive enough to isolate itself from the accretion flow. A variety of densities may result depending on the relative importance of residual gas accretion as the planet approaches its isolation mass. The process can repeat with a new pebble ring gathering at the new pressure maximum associated with the retreating dead zone boundary. Our simple analytical model for this scenario of inside-out planet formation yields planetary masses, relative mass scalings with orbital radius, and minimum orbital separations consistent with those seen by Kepler. It provides an explanation of how massive planets can form with tightly-packed and well-aligned system architectures, starting from typical protoplanetary disk properties.

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