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arXiv 1303.4533cs.LOcs.FL
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模型检验和博弈中的双变量与线性时态逻辑

Two Variable vs. Linear Temporal Logic in Model Checking and Games

Michael Benedikt, Rastislav Lenhardt, James Worrell

摘要:

用一阶逻辑表示的模型检验线性时间性质具有非初等复杂性,因此采用各种受限逻辑语言。在本文中,我们考虑两个这样的限制规格说明逻辑,线性时序逻辑(LTL)和两个变量的一阶逻辑(FO 2)。LTL更有表现力,但FO 2可以更简洁,因此不清楚哪一个更容易验证。我们需要一个全面的看看这个问题,给出了一个比较的验证问题FO 2,LTL,以及各种子逻辑在广泛的模型。特别是,我们看看一元时序逻辑(UTL),LTL的一个子集,这是表现等价于FO 2;我们还考虑了无口吃的FO 2片段,通过省略后继关系,和表现等价的UTL片段,通过省略下一个和上一个连接词。我们给出了三个逻辑自动机的翻译,可用于给FO 2和UTL和各种子逻辑的上界。我们应用这些来获得新的边界的非确定性系统(分层和递归状态机,游戏)和概率系统(马尔可夫链,递归马尔可夫链,马尔可夫决策过程)。我们用匹配的下界参数来耦合它们。接下来,我们将研究如何将FO 2验证技术与LTL验证技术相结合。我们在这里提出了一种语言,包括FO 2和LTL,并继承了这两种语言的模型检验属性。我们的研究结果给出了一个统一的方法来理解的行为FO 2和LTL,随着这些逻辑及其子逻辑验证的复杂性几乎全面的图片。

英文摘要:

Model checking linear-time properties expressed in first-order logic has non-elementary complexity, and thus various restricted logical languages are employed. In this paper we consider two such restricted specification logics, linear temporal logic (LTL) and two-variable first-order logic (FO2). LTL is more expressive but FO2 can be more succinct, and hence it is not clear which should be easier to verify. We take a comprehensive look at the issue, giving a comparison of verification problems for FO2, LTL, and various sublogics thereof across a wide range of models. In particular, we look at unary temporal logic (UTL), a subset of LTL that is expressively equivalent to FO2; we also consider the stutter-free fragment of FO2, obtained by omitting the successor relation, and the expressively equivalent fragment of UTL, obtained by omitting the next and previous connectives. We give three logic-to-automata translations which can be used to give upper bounds for FO2 and UTL and various sublogics. We apply these to get new bounds for both non-deterministic systems (hierarchical and recursive state machines, games) and for probabilistic systems (Markov chains, recursive Markov chains, and Markov decision processes). We couple these with matching lower-bound arguments. Next, we look at combining FO2 verification techniques with those for LTL. We present here a language that subsumes both FO2 and LTL, and inherits the model checking properties of both languages. Our results give both a unified approach to understanding the behaviour of FO2 and LTL, along with a nearly comprehensive picture of the complexity of verification for these logics and their sublogics.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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