核液-气非全等性与解除禁闭相变
Non-congruence of the nuclear liquid-gas and deconfinement phase transitions
摘要：
具有多于一个全局守恒电荷的一阶相变（PT），所谓的非全等PT，与全等PT相比具有特征差异（例如，相图的维数、临界点和端点的位置和性质）。在这篇文章中，我们研究了在亚饱和密度下核液-气PT的非一致性和在高密度和/或高温度下的解禁闭PT，与重离子碰撞和中子星有关。对于第一个PT，我们使用FSUgold相对论平均场模型，对于第二个PT，我们使用相对论手征SU（3）模型。手征SU（3）模型是解禁闭PT的少数几个模型之一，它包含任意比例的夸克和强子（即“解”），并在临界点以上给出从纯强子到纯夸克物质的连续跃迁。本研究表明了两个具有上临界点的PT的非一致性应用概念的普遍性，并说明了不同的典型尺度。此外，我们发现了一个原则之间的区别的液-气和解除禁闭PT：在普通的范德华类PT，解除禁闭PT的相共存线在压力-温度平面内有一个负斜率。作为另一个定性的区别，我们发现，非全等功能的解除限制PT变得消失的临界点附近的小。
英文摘要：
First order phase transitions (PTs) with more than one globally conserved charge, so-called non-congruent PTs, have characteristic differences compared to congruent PTs (e.g., dimensionality of phase diagrams, location and properties of critical points and endpoints). In the present article we investigate the non-congruence of the nuclear liquid-gas PT at sub-saturation densities and the deconfinement PT at high densities and/or temperatures in Coulomb-less models, relevant for heavy-ion collisions and neutron stars. For the first PT, we use the FSUgold relativistic mean-field model and for the second one the relativistic chiral SU(3) model. The chiral SU(3) model is one of the few models for the deconfinement PT, which contains quarks and hadrons in arbitrary proportions (i.e. a "solution") and gives a continuous transition from pure hadronic to pure quark matter above a critical point. The study shows the universality of the applied concept of non-congruence for the two PTs with an upper critical point, and illustrates the different typical scales involved. In addition, we find a principle difference between the liquid-gas and the deconfinement PTs: in contrast to the ordinary Van-der-Waals-like PT, the phase coexistence line of the deconfinement PT has a negative slope in the pressure-temperature plane. As another qualitative difference we find that the non-congruent features of the deconfinement PT become vanishingly small around the critical point.
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