高能量密度核物质的熵和焓相变
Entropic and enthalpic phase transitions in high energy density nuclear matter
摘要：
讨论了致密核物质中的气-液（GL）和夸克-强子（QH）相变（PT）的特征，并与地球上的对应物（如冲击压缩的氢、氮等的“等离子体”PT）进行了比较。即通过简单的缩放来服从一对一映射。GLPT和QHPT属于不同的类型：GLPT是典型的类范德华PT（Van-der-Waals-like），而QHPT是典型的熵PT（decofinement-driven）。先前提出将一阶流体-流体相变细分为焓和熵驱动的子类[arXiv：1403.8053]。熵PT和熵PT的性质显著不同。熵PT总是更一般和扩展的热力学异常的内部部分-热力学势的二阶导数集合（通常为正）具有异常（负）符号的域。其中三个是最重要的：Gruneizen和热膨胀和热压力系数。这些导数的负符号导致违反标准行为和相对顺序在P-V平面上的许多等值线，如等温线，等熵线，激波等离子体等。熵PT有更复杂的拓扑结构的稳定和亚稳区域内的两相区域相比，传统的双曲（类VdW）PT。特别地，在熵PT的情况下，出现了新的附加亚稳区，其边界为新的附加亚稳区。熵PT和伴随的异常热力学区域的所有特征具有透明的几何解释-作为压力-体积函数的温度、熵和内能的热力学表面的多层结构，例如T（P，V）、S（P，V）和U（P，V）。
英文摘要：
Features of Gas-Liquid (GL) and Quark-Hadron (QH) phase transitions (PT) in dense nuclear matter are under discussion in comparison with their terrestrial counterparts, e.g. so-called "plasma" PT in shock-compressed hydrogen, nitrogen etc. Both, GLPT and QHPT, when being represented in widely accepted temperature - baryonic chemical potential plane, are often considered as similar, i.e. amenable to one-to-one mapping by simple scaling. It is argued that this impression is illusive and that GLPT and QHPT belong to different classes: GLPT is typical enthalpic PT (Van-der-Waals-like) while QHPT ("deconfinement-driven") is typical entropic PT. Subdivision of 1st-order fluid-fluid phase transitions into enthalpy- and entropy-driven subclasses was proposed previously [arXiv:1403.8053]. Properties of enthalpic and entropic PTs differ significantly. Entropic PTs are always internal parts of more general and extended thermodynamic anomalies - domains with abnormal (negative) sign for the set of (usually positive) second derivatives of thermodynamic potential. Three of them are of primary importance: Gruneizen and thermal expansion and thermal pressure coefficients. Negative sign of these derivatives lead to violation of standard behavior and relative order in P-V plane for many iso-lines, e.g. isotherms, isentropes, shock adiabats etc. Entropic PTs have more complicated topology of stable and metastable areas within its two-phase region in comparison with conventional enthalpic (VdW-like) PTs. In particular, new additional metastable region, bounded by new additional spinodal, appears in the case of entropic PT. All the features of entropic PTs and accompanying abnormal thermodynamics region have transparent geometrical interpretation - multi-layered structure of thermodynamic surfaces for temperature, entropy and internal energy as a pressure-volume functions, e.g. T(P,V), S(P,V) and U(P,V).
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