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arXiv 1302.2674astro-ph.SR
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红超巨星的温度

The temperatures of Red Supergiants

Ben Davies, Rolf-Peter Kudritzki, Bertrand Plez, Scott Trager, Ariane Lancon, Zach Gazak, Maria Bergemann, Chris Evans, Andrea Chiavassa

摘要:

我们提出了一个重新评估的温度的红超巨星(RSG)使用其光学和近红外光谱能量分布(SED)。我们已经获得了数据的一个样本的RSG在麦哲伦云使用VLT+XSHOOTER,我们适合MARCS模型大气的光谱的不同区域,推导出有效的温度为每个恒星(a)的TiO带,(b)线自由连续区的光谱能量分布(SED),和(c)的综合通量。我们表明,来自适合TiO带的温度系统{ \it低}比其他两种方法几百开尔文。TiO拟合也大大高估了近红外的通量,并暗示与邻近恒星相比,其折射率非常低。与此相反,SED温度提供了良好的适合在所有波长以外的TiO波段的通量,是在协议的温度从通量积分方法,并暗示与附近的恒星一致的反射。在考虑了多种方法来调和这种差异后,我们得出结论,三维效应(即,颗粒化)是最可能的原因,因为它们影响形成TiO线的上层中的温度结构。然而,在更深层形成的连续体显然对这种影响更强大。因此,我们得出结论,RSG温度比以前认为的要高得多。我们讨论了这一结果对恒星演化和超新星前身星的影响,并提供了从单波段测光确定RSG的热光度的关系。

英文摘要:

We present a re-appraisal of the temperatures of Red Supergiants (RSGs) using their optical and near-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We have obtained data of a sample of RSGs in the Magellanic Clouds using VLT+XSHOOTER, and we fit MARCS model atmospheres to different regions of the spectra, deriving effective temperatures for each star from (a) the TiO bands, (b) line-free continuum regions of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and (c) the integrated fluxes. We show that the temperatures derived from fits to the TiO bands are systematically {\it lower} than the other two methods by several hundred Kelvin. The TiO fits also dramatically over-predict the flux in the near-IR, and imply extinctions which are anomalously low compared to neighbouring stars. In contrast, the SED temperatures provide good fits to the fluxes at all wavelengths other than the TiO bands, are in agreement with the temperatures from the flux integration method, and imply extinctions consistent with nearby stars. After considering a number of ways to reconcile this discrepancy, we conclude that 3-D effects (i.e.\ granulation) are the most likely cause, as they affect the temperature structure in the upper layers where the TiO lines form. The continuum, however, which forms at much deeper layers, is apparently more robust to such effects. We therefore conclude that RSG temperatures are much warmer than previously thought. We discuss the implications of this result for stellar evolution and supernova progenitors, and provide relations to determine the bolometric luminosities of RSGs from single-band photometry.

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