里约热内卢国家天文台太阳计的研制及其在日地系统研究中的应用
The development of the Heliometer of the Observatorio Nacional of Rio de Janeiro and application to the study of the Sun-Earth system
摘要：
这项工作介绍了国家天文台/MCTI的太阳计的发展和建设。该仪器的设计目的是监测太阳直径的变化，其精度可达到下一代太阳卫星的水平。对测日法进行了回顾，并描述了4个原型的建造和测试。该仪器有一个镜面物镜分裂成二面角，形成了半部分的抛物柱面镜。形成仪器的材料具有10^（-7）的热稳定性和机械稳定性。光学零件的数量最小化，其质量大于λ/12。开发了用于自动收集和分析图像的原始软件。随着其最新版本的完全开发，我们进行了为期9天的观测活动，获得了超过70000张太阳的太阳图像。测量的太阳直径的标准偏差为0.5弧秒，没有仪器偏差，仅受临时大气模型的限制。因此，通过改进统计，可以实现毫弧秒的精度。研究了太阳直径与地磁场强度的相关性。发现了与太阳活动有关的系列峰值（即半径变化、耀斑指数和黑子数）与地磁强度负峰值数之间的对应关系，但必须注意的是，这是一个复杂的对应关系，需要对太阳活动周期的不同阶段有不同的响应模式和相位依赖关系。对观测证据的直接解释表明，太阳的半径似乎在地磁场相应变化之前就发生了显著变化。这种影响在太阳活动周期的下降阶段最为明显。
英文摘要：
This work presents the development and construction of the Heliometer of the Observatório Nacional/MCTI. This instrument is designed to monitor changes on the solar diameter with the accuracy of the next-generation solar satellites. A review of the heliometric method is made and the building and testing of 4 prototypes is described. The instrument has a mirror objective split in dihedral, formed by the hemi-sections of a parabolic mirror. The materials that form the instrument have thermal and mechanical stability to 10^(-7). The number of optical parts is minimized and their quality is greater than λ/12. An original software for the automated collection and analysis of the images was developed. With its latest version fully developed, we conducted an observational campaign of 9 days, deriving more than 70000 heliometric images of the Sun. The measured solar diameter has a standard deviation of 0.5 arcseconds, with no instrumental bias, and limited only by the provisional atmospheric modeling. Therefore, by improving the statistics, an accuracy at milliarcseconds can be achieved. A study of the correlation between the solar diameter and the geomagnetic field intensity was made. A correspondence between the peaks of the series related to solar activity, namely, the semidiameter variation, the flares index, and the sunspots counts, and the number of negative peaks on the intensity of the geomagnetic field is found. It must be cautioned though that it is a complex correspondence, requiring different modes of response and phase dependence on the stage of the cycle of solar activity. The straightforward interpretation of observational evidence indicates that the semidiameter of the Sun seems to vary significantly prior to the corresponding variations of the geomagnetic field. The effect is most evident in the downward phase of the solar cycle.
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