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arXiv 1209.6320astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GAastro-ph.HE
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2012年前所未有的SN 2009 ip爆发:一颗明亮的蓝色变星成为真正的超新星

The Unprecedented 2012 Outburst of SN 2009ip: A Luminous Blue Variable Becomes a True Supernova

Jon C. Mauerhan, Nathan Smith, Alexei Filippenko, Kyle Blanchard, Peter Blanchard, Chadwick F. E. Casper, S. Bradley Cenko, Kelsey I. Clubb, Daniel Cohen, Kiera… 展开作者

Jon C. Mauerhan, Nathan Smith, Alexei Filippenko, Kyle Blanchard, Peter Blanchard, Chadwick F. E. Casper, S. Bradley Cenko, Kelsey I. Clubb, Daniel Cohen, Kiera Fuller, Gary Li, Jeffrey M. Silverman

摘要:

一些关于超新星(SN)发现的报告被证明不是真正的核心坍塌爆炸。SN 2009 ip就是其中一例,它被认为是一个亮蓝变星(LBV)喷发。这个来源有一个巨大的热祖星在爆炸前的数据中被确定,它记录了爆发前可变性的证据,随后在2010年发现了第二次爆发。同一个源在2012年再次变亮,早期光谱显示出与以前相同的窄线轮廓,这表明另一次LBV样的喷发。我们提出了SN 2009 ip的新光度学和光谱学,表明它已经转变为真正的SN。这些数据中最引人注目的发现是,与以前的报告不同,光谱显示出具有正常II型超新星(SNe II)特征的非常宽的P-Cygni轮廓的巴耳末线,除了SNe IIn和LBV中看到的窄发射线。发射分量的半高宽为8000 km/s,而天鹅座P-Cygni吸收分量的蓝色翅膀延伸到-13,000 km/s。这些速度是典型的SNe II,但从来没有与发射线从一个非终端LBV样喷发。起初,绝对星等峰值似乎比正常SNe的亮度要暗。然而,在短暂的衰落之后,该源在几天内迅速再次变亮至M_R=-17.5等。宽谱线大部分消失,光谱开始类似于SNe IIn早期的光学厚相。两周后,源在-18等附近稳定下来,之后随着源的褪色,光谱中再次出现宽的发射线。我们的结论是,2012年SN 2009 ip的爆发是一个真正的核心坍缩SN IIn的结果,发生在祖星处于LBV样的爆发阶段,SN最初是暗淡的,然后由于与星周物质的相互作用而迅速变亮。

英文摘要:

Some reports of supernova (SN) discoveries turn out not to be true core-collapse explosions. One such case was SN 2009ip, which was recognized to be a luminous blue variable (LBV) eruption. This source had a massive hot progenitor star identified in pre-explosion data, it had documented evidence of pre-outburst variability, and it was subsequently discovered to have a 2nd outburst in 2010. This same source rebrightened again in 2012, and early spectra showed the same narrow-line profiles as before, suggesting another LBV-like eruption. We present new photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2009ip, indicating that it has transitioned into a true SN. The most striking discovery in these data is that unlike previous reports, the spectrum exhibited Balmer lines with very broad P-Cygni profiles characteristic of normal Type II supernovae (SNe II), in addition to narrow emission lines seen in SNe IIn and LBVs. Emission components have FWHM 8000 km/s, while the P-Cygni absorption component has blue wings extending to -13,000 km/s. These velocities are typical of SNe II, but have never been associated with emission lines from a nonterminal LBV-like eruption. Initially, the peak absolute magnitude seemed fainter than that of normal SNe. However, after a brief period of fading, the source quickly brightened again to M_R=-17.5 mag over a couple days. The broad lines mostly disappeared, and the spectrum began to resemble the early optically thick phases of SNe IIn. Two weeks later the source leveled off near -18 mag, after which broad emission lines again developed in the spectrum as the source faded. We conclude that the 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip was the result of a true core-collapse SN IIn that occured when the progenitor star was in an LBV-like outburst phase, and where the SN was initially faint and then rapidly brightened due to interaction with circumstellar material (abridged).

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