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arXiv 1209.0765astro-ph.GA
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幕式吸积、原恒星辐射反馈及其在低质量恒星形成中的作用

Episodic accretion, protostellar radiative feedback, and their role in low-mass star formation

Dimitris Stamatellos, Anthony P. Whitworth, David A. Hubber

摘要:

原恒星通过吸积盘中的物质来增加质量,这种吸积最初是它们光度的主要来源。由此产生的辐射反馈加热了年轻原恒星的环境,从而可能抑制进一步的碎片化和恒星形成。越来越多的证据表明,物质在原恒星上的吸积是间歇性的,而不是连续的;大多数情况下,它发生在持续数百年的短暂爆发中,而这些吸积爆发之间的间隔可能是数千年。我们已经开发了一个模型,包括在模拟恒星形成的幕式吸积的影响。幕式吸积导致幕式辐射反馈,加热并暂时稳定盘,抑制引力不稳定性的增长。然而,一旦爆发终止,原恒星的光度就很低,并且盘迅速冷却。如果连续爆发之间有足够的时间,圆盘可能会变得重力不稳定并碎裂。该模型表明,如果(i)连续爆发之间的时间比引力不稳定性增长的动力学时间尺度长(几千年),以及(ii)到原恒星上的静态吸积速率足够低(最多几倍1 e-7 Msun/yr),则偶发吸积可能允许盘碎片化。我们还发现,在一些原恒星形成后,他们自己的幕式吸积事件缩短了连续爆发之间的间隔,并抑制进一步的碎片化,从而限制了在盘中形成的物体的数量。我们的结论是,情节吸积温和的辐射反馈的影响,从年轻的原恒星对他们的环境,并在一定条件下,允许形成低质量的恒星,褐矮星,和行星质量的物体的原恒星盘的碎片。

英文摘要:

Protostars grow in mass by accreting material through their discs, and this accretion is initially their main source of luminosity. The resulting radiative feedback heats the environments of young protostars, and may thereby suppress further fragmentation and star formation. There is growing evidence that the accretion of material onto protostars is episodic rather than continuous; most of it happens in short bursts that last up to a few hundred years, whereas the intervals between these outbursts of accretion could be thousands of years. We have developed a model to include the effects of episodic accretion in simulations of star formation. Episodic accretion results in episodic radiative feedback, which heats and temporarily stabilises the disc, suppressing the growth of gravitational instabilities. However, once an outburst has been terminated, the luminosity of the protostar is low, and the disc cools rapidly. Provided that there is enough time between successive outbursts, the disc may become gravitationally unstable and fragment. The model suggests that episodic accretion may allow disc fragmentation if (i) the time between successive outbursts is longer than the dynamical timescale for the growth of gravitational instabilities (a few kyr), and (ii) the quiescent accretion rate onto the protostar is sufficiently low (at most a few times 1e-7 Msun/yr). We also find that after a few protostars form in the disc, their own episodic accretion events shorten the intervals between successive outbursts, and sup- press further fragmentation, thus limiting the number of objects forming in the disc. We conclude that episodic accretion moderates the effect of radiative feedback from young protostars on their environments, and, under certain conditions, allows the formation of low-mass stars, brown dwarfs, and planetary-mass objects by fragmentation of protostellar discs.

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