基于投影分解的线性核和单指数算法
Linear kernels and single-exponential algorithms via protrusion decompositions
摘要：
图$G$的\emph{$t$-treewidth-modulator}是一个集合$X \subseteq V(G)$，使得$G-X$的树宽至多是某个常数$t-1$。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的算法来计算一个分解方案的图$G$，配备了一个$t$树宽调制器。这种分解称为\emph{protrusion decomposition}，是获得以下两个主要结果的基础。我们首先证明了任何具有\emph{finite integer index}且是\emph{treewidth-bounding}的参数化图问题（带参数$k$）都在$H$-topological-minor-free图上有一个线性核，其中$H$是任意的但固定的图。一个参数化的图问题被称为树宽边界，如果所有的正实例都有一个$t$-树宽调制器的大小为$O(k)$，对于一些常数$t$。这一结果部分地扩展了以前关于有界亏格图上线性核的存在性的元定理[Bodlaender等人，FOCS 2009]和$H$-无次要图[Fomin等人，SODA 2010]。我们的第二个应用程序涉及平面$\mathcal{F}$删除问题。设$\mathcal{F}$是一个至少包含一个平面图的固定有限图族。给定一个$n$顶点图$G$和一个非负整数$k$，Planar-$\mathcal{F}$-Deletion询问$G$是否有一个集合$X\subseteq V(G)$，使得对于每个$H\in \mathcal{F}$，$|X|\leq k$和$G-X$都是$H$-minor-free的.最近，在[Fomin等人，FOCS 2012]，条件是$\mathcal{F}$中的每个图都是连通的。使用我们的算法构造的突起分解作为一个积木，我们摆脱了这种连接约束，并提出了一个算法的一般平面$\mathcal{F}$删除问题运行的时间$2^{O(k)} n^2$。
英文摘要：
A \emph{$t$-treewidth-modulator} of a graph $G$ is a set $X \subseteq V(G)$ such that the treewidth of $G-X$ is at most some constant $t-1$. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to compute a decomposition scheme for graphs $G$ that come equipped with a $t$-treewidth-modulator. This decomposition, called a \emph{protrusion decomposition}, is the cornerstone in obtaining the following two main results. We first show that any parameterized graph problem (with parameter $k$) that has \emph{finite integer index} and is \emph{treewidth-bounding} admits a linear kernel on $H$-topological-minor-free graphs, where $H$ is some arbitrary but fixed graph. A parameterized graph problem is called treewidth-bounding if all positive instances have a $t$-treewidth-modulator of size $O(k)$, for some constant $t$. This result partially extends previous meta-theorems on the existence of linear kernels on graphs of bounded genus [Bodlaender et al., FOCS 2009] and $H$-minor-free graphs [Fomin et al., SODA 2010]. Our second application concerns the Planar-$\mathcal{F}$-Deletion problem. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a fixed finite family of graphs containing at least one planar graph. Given an $n$-vertex graph $G$ and a non-negative integer $k$, Planar-$\mathcal{F}$-Deletion asks whether $G$ has a set $X\subseteq V(G)$ such that $|X|\leq k$ and $G-X$ is $H$-minor-free for every $H\in \mathcal{F}$. Very recently, an algorithm for Planar-$\mathcal{F}$-Deletion with running time $2^{O(k)} n \log^2 n$ (such an algorithm is called \emph{single-exponential}) has been presented in [Fomin et al., FOCS 2012] under the condition that every graph in $\mathcal{F}$ is connected. Using our algorithm to construct protrusion decompositions as a building block, we get rid of this connectivity constraint and present an algorithm for the general Planar-$\mathcal{F}$-Deletion problem running in time $2^{O(k)} n^2$.
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