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arXiv 1909.01410cs.DS
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高次多项式核的不经意绘制

Oblivious Sketching of High-Degree Polynomial Kernels

Thomas D. Ahle, Michael Kapralov, Jakob B. T. Knudsen, Rasmus Pagh, Ameya Velingker, David Woodruff, Amir Zandieh

摘要:

核方法是机器学习中的基本工具,其允许检测数据之间的非线性依赖关系,而无需在高维空间中显式地构造特征向量。核方法的一个主要缺点是它们的可扩展性差:像核PCA或核岭回归这样的基元通常需要非常大的二次空间和(至少)二次时间,因为核矩阵通常是密集的。用于加速核线性代数的一些方法是已知的,但是它们在输入点集的维度(例如,快速多极方法遭受维数灾难)或核函数的次数。在过去的十年中,不经意的草图已经成为一种强大的方法来加速数值线性代数,但我们对核矩阵的不经意的草图解决方案的理解仍然非常有限,受到上述指数依赖于输入参数的影响。我们的主要贡献是一个一般的方法,适用于草图解决方案在数值线性代数在过去的十年中,张量的数据点,而不形成张量明确。这导致具有仅多项式地依赖于核函数的次数的目标维度的多项式核的第一不经意草图,以及不遭受对输入数据点的维度的指数依赖的有界数据集上的高斯核的第一不经意草图。

英文摘要:

Kernel methods are fundamental tools in machine learning that allow detection of non-linear dependencies between data without explicitly constructing feature vectors in high dimensional spaces. A major disadvantage of kernel methods is their poor scalability: primitives such as kernel PCA or kernel ridge regression generally take prohibitively large quadratic space and (at least) quadratic time, as kernel matrices are usually dense. Some methods for speeding up kernel linear algebra are known, but they all invariably take time exponential in either the dimension of the input point set (e.g., fast multipole methods suffer from the curse of dimensionality) or in the degree of the kernel function. Oblivious sketching has emerged as a powerful approach to speeding up numerical linear algebra over the past decade, but our understanding of oblivious sketching solutions for kernel matrices has remained quite limited, suffering from the aforementioned exponential dependence on input parameters. Our main contribution is a general method for applying sketching solutions developed in numerical linear algebra over the past decade to a tensoring of data points without forming the tensoring explicitly. This leads to the first oblivious sketch for the polynomial kernel with a target dimension that is only polynomially dependent on the degree of the kernel function, as well as the first oblivious sketch for the Gaussian kernel on bounded datasets that does not suffer from an exponential dependence on the dimensionality of input data points.

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