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arXiv 1202.3437astro-ph.HE
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通过厚风冲击爆发后的光学到X射线超新星光变曲线

Optical to X-rays supernovae light curves following shock breakout through a thick wind

Gilad Svirski, Ehud Nakar, Re'em Sari

摘要:

最近的超新星(SNe)观测激发了新的兴趣,SN冲击爆发的恒星周围的厚风。在这样的事件中,与风的相互作用为观测到的光度提供了动力,预测包括可观测到的硬X射线。一天或更长时间尺度的风爆发目前最有可能被探测到。在这里,我们研究这些事件之后的信号。我们从辐射介导冲击的爆发开始,发现由于可能偏离热平衡,爆发温度可以从一个事件到另一个事件显著变化($10^4 - 5 \times 10^6$ K)。一般而言,爆发脉冲持续时间较长的事件$t_{bo}$较软。我们通过辐射介导的激波爆发后形成的无碰撞激波的演化来跟踪观察到的辐射。我们限制的碰撞冲击演化的情况下,突破本身是在热平衡,峰值在光学/紫外线的研究。在这些情况下,断裂后发射包含两种光谱成分-软(光学/UV)和硬(X射线和可能的软$γ$射线)。就在爆发脉冲之后,X射线被强烈抑制,它们只携带总亮度的一小部分。硬组分变得更硬,随后其光度迅速上升,在$\sim 10-50 \,t_{bo}$中占据主导地位。峰值光学/UV与峰值X射线光度的比率主要取决于爆发时间。就X射线和软伽马射线探测的前景而言,最好在爆炸后100-500天进行观察,爆发时间在一周到一个月之间。

英文摘要:

Recent supernovae (SNe) observations have motivated renewed interest in SN shock breakouts from stars surrounded by thick winds. In such events the interaction with the wind powers the observed luminosity, and predictions include observable hard X-rays. Wind breakouts on timescales of a day or longer are currently the most probable for detection. Here we study the signal that follows such events. We start from the breakout of the radiation mediated shock, finding that the breakout temperature can vary significantly from one event to another ($10^4 - 5 \times 10^6$ K) due to possible deviation from thermal equilibrium. In general, events with longer breakout pulse duration, $t_{bo}$, are softer. We follow the observed radiation through the evolution of the collisionless shock which forms after the breakout of the radiation mediated shock. We restrict the study of the collisionless shock evolution to cases where the breakout itself is in thermal equilibrium, peaking in optical/UV. In these cases the post-breakout emission contains two spectral components - soft (optical/UV) and hard (X-rays and possibly soft $γ$-rays). Right after the breakout pulse X-rays are strongly suppressed, and they carry only a small fraction of the total luminosity. The hard component becomes harder and its luminosity rises quickly afterwards, gaining dominance at $\sim 10-50 \,t_{bo}$. The ratio of the peak optical/UV to the peak X-ray luminosity depends mostly on the breakout time. In terms of prospects for X-ray and soft gamma-ray detections, it is best to observe 100-500 days after explosions with breakout timescales between a week and a month.

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