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arXiv 1102.2360astro-ph.HE
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II型高原超新星的激波爆发:高红移超新星巡天的前景

Shock Breakout in Type II Plateau Supernovae: Prospects for High Redshift Supernova Surveys

N. Tominaga, T. Morokuma, S. I. Blinnikov, P. Baklanov, E. I. Sorokina, K. Nomoto

摘要:

激波爆发是超新星中最亮的辐射现象,但由于持续时间短,X射线/紫外(UV)光谱峰化,很难被观测到。在2008年首次观测到上升相后,它在高红移的可观测性引起了极大的关注。我们对具有不同主序质量$M_{\rm MS}$、金属丰度$Z$和爆炸能量$E$的进化前超新星模型进行了爆炸的多群辐射流体动力学计算。我们给出了II型坪型超新星中激波爆发的光变曲线,这是最常见的核心坍缩超新星,并预测了不同红移$z$下激波爆发的表观光变曲线。通过考虑初始质量函数、宇宙恒星形成历史、星系际吸收和宿主星系消光,我们推导出了可观测的SN率和可达红移作为滤波器$x$和极限星等$m_{x,{\rm lim}}$的函数。我们提出了一个现实的调查策略优化冲击突破。例如,$m_{g',{\rm lim}}=27.5$ mag的$g'$波段可观察SN率为3.3 SNe度$^{-2}$ day $^{-1}$,其中一半位于$z\geq1.2$。显然,冲击波爆发是探测高$z$堆芯坍缩SNe的有益线索。我们还建立了方法来识别冲击爆发和约束SN属性的冲击爆发,亮度,时间尺度和颜色的观察。我们强调,在$\sim$小时间隔的蓝色光学波段上的连续观测,最好是在连续的$\geq2$夜晚,对于有效地探测、识别和解释冲击爆发是必不可少的。

英文摘要:

Shock breakout is the brightest radiative phenomenon in a supernova (SN) but is difficult to be observed owing to the short duration and X-ray/ultraviolet (UV)-peaked spectra. After the first observation from the rising phase reported in 2008, its observability at high redshift is attracting enormous attention. We perform multigroup radiation hydrodynamics calculations of explosions for evolutionary presupernova models with various main-sequence masses $M_{\rm MS}$, metallicities $Z$, and explosion energies $E$. We present multicolor light curves of shock breakout in Type II plateau SNe, being the most frequent core-collapse SNe, and predict apparent multicolor light curves of shock breakout at various redshifts $z$. We derive the observable SN rate and reachable redshift as functions of filter $x$ and limiting magnitude $m_{x,{\rm lim}}$ by taking into account an initial mass function, cosmic star formation history, intergalactic absorption, and host galaxy extinction. We propose a realistic survey strategy optimized for shock breakout. For example, the $g'$-band observable SN rate for $m_{g',{\rm lim}}=27.5$ mag is 3.3 SNe degree$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ and a half of them locates at $z\geq1.2$. It is clear that the shock breakout is a beneficial clue to probe high-$z$ core-collapse SNe. We also establish ways to identify shock breakout and constrain SN properties from the observations of shock breakout, brightness, time scale, and color. We emphasize that the multicolor observations in blue optical bands with $\sim$ hour intervals, preferably over $\geq2$ continuous nights, are essential to efficiently detect, identify, and interpret shock breakout.

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