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arXiv 2004.12215astro-ph.HE
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高纬离轴观测的伽马射线暴结构喷流发射

High latitude emission from structured jet of Gamma-Ray Bursts observed off-axis

Stefano Ascenzi, Gor Oganesyan, Om S. Salafia, Marica Branchesi, Giancarlo Ghirlanda, Simone Dall'Osso

摘要:

伽马射线暴(GRB)的X射线发射通常以初始急剧衰减为特征,随后是几乎恒定的发射阶段(所谓的“平台期”),该阶段可长达数千秒。虽然陡峭的衰减通常被解释为瞬发伽马射线闪光的尾部,但持久的平台通常与持久的中央发动机注入能量所维持的外部冲击的发射有关。最近的一项研究提出了另一种解释,将陡峭的衰减和高原归因于高纬度的“结构性喷流”的发射(HLE),其能量和体积洛伦兹因子取决于与喷流对称轴的角距离。在这项工作中,我们扩展了这个想法,并探讨更现实的条件:(a)有限的持续时间的提示发射,(b)的角度依赖的光学深度和(c)的光曲线依赖于观察者的视角。我们发现,当观察高度离轴,结构射流HLE光变曲线是平滑衰减的陡峭和平坦的阶段之间没有明显的区别,而不是轴上的情况下。对于一个现实的物理参数的选择,一个纬度相关的汤姆逊不透明度和有限的持续时间的排放的影响有一个边际效应的整体光变曲线的演变。我们讨论了GW 170817的可能的HLE,表明发射在第一次Swift-XRT观测之前很久就已经消失了。最后,我们讨论了目前和未来的宽视场X射线望远镜和X射线巡天,如eROSITA和任务概念THESEUS从离轴伽玛暴探测HLE的前景。

英文摘要:

The X-ray emission of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is often characterized by an initial steep decay, followed by a nearly constant emission phase (so called "plateau") which can extend up to thousands of seconds. While the steep decay is usually interpreted as the tail of the prompt gamma-ray flash, the long-lasting plateau is commonly associated to the emission from the external shock sustained by energy injection from a long lasting central engine. A recent study proposed an alternative interpretation, ascribing both the steep decay and the plateau to high-latitude emission (HLE) from a "structured jet" whose energy and bulk Lorentz factor depend on the angular distance from the jet symmetry axis. In this work we expand over this idea and explore more realistic conditions: (a) the finite duration of the prompt emission, (b) the angular dependence of the optical depth and (c) the lightcurve dependence on the observer viewing angle. We find that, when viewed highly off-axis, the structured jet HLE lightcurve is smoothly decaying with no clear distinction between the steep and flat phase, as opposed to the on-axis case. For a realistic choice of physical parameters, the effects of a latitude-dependent Thomson opacity and finite duration of the emission have a marginal effect on the overall lightcurve evolution. We discuss the possible HLE of GW170817, showing that the emission would have faded away long before the first Swift-XRT observations. Finally, we discuss the prospects for the detection of HLE from off-axis GRBs by present and future wide-field X-ray telescopes and X-ray surveys, such as eROSITA and the mission concept THESEUS.

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