Lately, much interest has been directed towards designing setups that achieve decisive tests of local realism. Here we present Bell tests with measurements based on linear optical displacements and single-photon detection. The scheme displays good tolerance to loss. In particular, for entangled squeezed states, we find thresholds compatible with current efficiencies of detectors and sources. Furthermore, the scheme is easily extendible to any number of observers, allowing observation of multipartite nonlocality for a single photon shared among multiple modes. We also consider the case of atom-photon entanglement, where the loss threshold can be lowered further, as well as local filters compensating transmission and coupling inefficiencies at the source.
We investigate quantum nonlocality of a single-photon entangled state under feasible measurement techniques consisting of on-off and homodyne detections along with unitary operations of displacement and squeezing. We test for a potential violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality, in which each of the bipartite party has a freedom to choose between 2 measurement settings, each measurement yielding a binary outcome. We find that single-photon quantum nonlocality can be detected when two or less of the 4 total measurements are carried out by homodyne detection. The largest vio…
We investigate the robustness of multiparty nonlocality under local decoherence, acting independently and equally on each subsystems. To be specific, we consider an N-qubit GHZ state under depolarization, dephasing, or dissipation channel, and tested the nonlocality by violation of Mermin-Klyshko inequality, which is one of Bell's inequalities for multi-qubit systems. The results show that the robustness of nonlocality increases with the number of qubits, and that the nonlocality of an N-qubit GHZ state with even N is extremely persistent against dephasing.
Robust Bell Nonlocality from Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill States
Center for Macroscopic Quantum States bigQ, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学宏观量子态中心bigQ）；Physics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte（北里奥格兰德联邦大学物理系）；International Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte（北里奥格兰德联邦大学国际物理研究所）；School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte（北里奥格兰德联邦大学理学院）
We study the nonlocal properties of states resulting from the mixture of an arbitrary entangled state rho of two d-dimensional systems and completely depolarized noise, with respective weights p and 1-p. We first construct a local model for the case in which rho is maximally entangled and p at or below a certain bound. We then extend the model to arbitrary rho. Our results provide bounds on the resistance to noise of the nonlocal correlations of entangled states. For projective measurements, the critical value of the noise parameter p for which the state becomes local is at least asymptoticall…
Quantum nonlocality is a kind of significant quantum correlation that is stronger than quantum entanglement and EPR steering. The standard tripartite nonlocality can be detected by the violation of the Mermin inequality. By using local filtering operations, we give a tight upper bound on the maximal expected value of the Mermin operators. By detailed examples we show that the hidden standard nonlocality can be revealed by local filtering which can enhance the robustness of the noised entangled states.
We discuss the nonlocality of the $W$ and the Dicke states subject to losses. We consider two noise models, namely loss of excitations and loss of particles, and investigate how much loss can be tolerated such that the final state remains nonlocal. This leads to a measure of robustness of the nonlocality of Dicke states, with a clear physical interpretation. Our results suggest that the relation between nonlocality and entanglement of Dicke states is not monotonous.
Measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN), a quantum correlation measure for the bipartite system, is an indicator of global effects due to locally invariant von Neumann projective measurements. It is well known fact that the correlation measures based on Hilbert-Schmidt norm are not credible measure in capturing nonlocal attributes of a quantum state. In this article, to remedy the local ancilla problem of Hilbert-Schmidt norm based MIN, we propose a new form of MIN-based on affinity. This quantity satisfies all criteria of a bonafide measure of quantum correlation measure. For an arbitrary pure …
The certification of Bell nonlocality or quantum steering implies the use of incompatible measurements. Here we make this connection quantitative. We show how to strengthen robustness-based steering and nonlocality quantifiers in order that they give strong lower bounds to previously proposed incompatibility quantifiers. Our results can be seen from two perspectives. On the one hand, they can be used to estimate how much steering or nonlocality can be demonstrated with a given set of measurements. On the other hand, they gives one-sided device-independent and device-independent ways of estimat…
Measurement induced nonlocality (MIN) captures global nonlocal effect of bipartite quantum state due to locally invariant projective measurements. In this paper, we propose a new version of MIN using fidelity induced metric,andthe same is calculated for pure and mixed states. For mixed state, the upper bound is obtained from eigenvalues of correlation matrix. Further, dynamics of MIN and fidelity based MIN under various noisy quantum channels show that they are more robust than entanglement.
Near-Optimal Bell Nonlocality with GKP and Entangled Cat States
University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；Centre for Quantum Software and Information, University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学量子软件与信息研究中心）；Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland（昆士兰大学数学与物理学院量子计算与通信技术卓越中心）；University of Queensland（昆士兰大学）
Sequential quantum nonlocality sharing under local noisy quantum channels
Hebei Normal University（河北师范大学）；Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院半导体研究所）；Shijiazhuang Posts and Telecommunications Technical College（石家庄邮电职业技术学院）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
We perform numerical tests on quantum nonlocality of two-level quantum systems (qubits) observed by a uniformly moving observer. Under a suitable momentum setting, the quantum nonlocality of two-qubit nonmaximally entangled states could be weakened drastically by the Lorentz transformation allowing for the existence of local-hidden-variable models, whereas three-qubit genuinely entangled states are robust. In particular, the generalized GHZ state remains nonlocal under arbitrary Wigner rotation and the generalized W state could admit local-hidden-variable models within a rather narrow range of…
Quantum Nonlocality and Device-Independent Randomness are Robust to Noisy Signaling Channels
Inria（法国国家信息与自动化研究所）；Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学，法国国家科学研究中心）；University of Bristol（布里斯托大学）；University of York（约克大学）；ENS de Lyon, UCBL, LIP（里昂高等师范学院，里昂第一大学，计算机科学实验室）
Testing Genuine Multipartite Nonlocality via an Inflated Network with Multi-copy Entangled States
International Quantum Academy（国际量子科学院）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）；School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University（西南交通大学信息科学与技术学院）；Hefei National Laboratory（合肥国家实验室）；School of Physics, Nankai University（南开大学物理学院）；School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University（首都师范大学数学科学学院）；Max-Planck-Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences（马克斯·普朗克科学研究所）
A recent paper [L. Heaney, A. Cabello, M. F. Santos, and V. Vedral, New Journal of Physics, 13, 053054 (2011)] revealed that a single quantum symmetrically delocalized over N modes, namely a W state, effectively allows for all-versus-nothing proofs of nonlocality in the limit of large N. Ideally, this finding opens up the possibility of using the robustness of the W states while realizing the nonlocal behavior previously thought to be exclusive to the more complex class of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. We show that in practice, however, the slightest decoherence or inefficiency of …
We show that arbitrary functions of continuous variables, e.g. position and momentum, can be used to generate tests that distinguish quantum theory from local hidden variable theories. By optimising these functions, we obtain more robust violations of local causality than obtained previously. We analytically calculate the optimal function and include the effect of nonideal detectors and noise, revealing that optimized functional inequalities are resistant to standard forms of decoherence. These inequalities could allow a loophole-free Bell test with efficient homodyne detection.
Measurement Induced Nonlocality (MIN) captures nonlocal effects of a quantum state due to local von Neumann projective measurements, is a bonafide measure of quantum correlation between constituents of a composite system. In this paper, we study the dynamical behavior of entanglement (measured by concurrence), Hilber-Schmidt MIN and fidelity based MIN (FMIN) under local noisy channels such as hybrid (consists of bit, phase, bit and phase flip), generalized amplitude damping (GAD) and depolarizing channels for the initial Bell diagonal state. We observed that while sudden death of entanglement …
In this letter we experimentally implement a single photon Bell test based on the ideas of S. Tan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 66, 252 (1991)] and L. Hardy [Phys. Rev. Lett.,vol. 73, 2279 (1994)]. A double heterodyne measurement is used to measure correlations in the Fock space spanned by zero and one photons. Local oscillators used in the correlation measurement are distributed to two observers by co-propagating it in an orthogonal polarization mode. This method eliminates the need for interferometrical stability in the setup, consequently making it a robust and scalable method.
By considering an exactly solvable model of a two interacting spin-1/2 qubits described by the Heisenberg anisotropic interaction in the presence of intrinsic decoherence, we study the dynamics of entanglement quantified by the concurrence and measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) based on Hilbert-Schmidt norm and trace distance with different initial conditions. We highlight the relationship between the entanglement and MIN for the pure initial state. For an initial separable state, it is found that the robustness and the generation of the quantum correlations depend on the physical parameter…
Recently, it has been shown that at most two observers (Bobs) can sequentially demonstrate bipartite nonlocality with a spatially separated single observer (Alice) invoking a scenario where an entangled system of two spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ particles are shared between a single Alice in one wing and several Bobs on the other wing, who act sequentially and independently of each other [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 250401 (2015)]. This has been probed through the quantum violations of CHSH inequality, i. e., when each observer performs two dichotomic measurements. In the present study we investigate how many…
We investigate whether paradigmatic measurements for quantum state tomography, namely mutually unbiased bases and symmetric informationally complete measurements, can be employed to certify quantum correlations. For this purpose, we identify a simple and noise-robust correlation witness for entanglement detection, steering and nonlocality that can be evaluated based on the outcome statistics obtained in the tomography experiment. This allows us to perform state tomography on entangled qutrits, a test of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering and a Bell inequality test, all within a single experiment…
To realize the practical implementation of device-independent quantum key distribution~(DIQKD), the main difficulty is that its security relies on the detection-loophole-free violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt~(CHSH) inequality, i.e. the CHSH value $S>2$, which is easily destroyed by the loss in transmission channels. One of the simplest methods to circumvent it is to utilize the entanglement swapping relay~(ESR). Here, we propose and experimentally test an improved version of the heralded nonlocality amplifier protocol based on the ESR, and numerically show that our scheme is much mo…
A Metropolitan-scale Multiplexed Quantum Repeater with Bell Nonlocality
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学量子信息实验室）；Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Network, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学安徽省量子网络重点实验室）；CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学中国科学院量子信息与量子物理前沿卓越中心）；Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学合肥国家实验室）
We investigate the complexity cost of demonstrating the key types of nonclassical correlations --- Bell inequality violation, EPR-steering, and entanglement --- with independent agents, theoretically and in a photonic experiment. We show that the complexity cost exhibits a hierarchy among these three tasks, mirroring the recently-discovered hierarchy for how robust they are to noise. For Bell inequality violations, the simplest test is the well-known CHSH test, but for EPR-steering and entanglement the tests that involve the fewest number of detection patterns require non-projective measuremen…
Alice and Bob each have half of a pair of entangled qubits. Bob measures his half and then passes his qubit to a second Bob who measures again and so on. The goal is to maximize the number of Bobs that can have an expected violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) Bell inequality with the single Alice. This scenario was introduced in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 250401 (2015)] where the authors mentioned evidence that when the Bobs act independently and with unbiased inputs then at most two of them can expect to violate the CHSH inequality with Alice. Here we show that, contrary to this evi…
Quantum-informed learning of genuine network nonlocality beyond idealized resources
School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram（印度科学教育研究所特里凡得琅物理学院）；Center for High Performance Computing, IISER Thiruvananthapuram（印度科学教育研究所特里凡得琅高性能计算中心）；Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar（布巴内斯瓦尔印度理工学院基础科学学院物理学系）
Bell nonlocality between distant quantum systems---i.e., joint correlations which violate a Bell inequality---can be verified without trusting the measurement devices used, nor those performing the measurements. This leads to unconditionally secure protocols for quantum information tasks such as cryptographic key distribution. However, complete verification of Bell nonlocality requires high detection efficiencies, and is not robust to the typical transmission losses that occur in long distance applications. In contrast, quantum steering, a weaker form of quantum correlation, can be verified fo…
Hypergraph states form a family of multiparticle quantum states that generalizes the well-known concept of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, cluster states, and more broadly graph states. We study the nonlocal properties of quantum hypergraph states. We demonstrate that the correlations in hypergraph states can be used to derive various types of nonlocality proofs, including Hardy-type arguments and Bell inequalities for genuine multiparticle nonlocality. Moreover, we show that hypergraph states allow for an exponentially increasing violation of local realism which is robust against loss of …
Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) represents one of the most fascinating challenges in quantum communication, exploiting concepts of fundamental physics, namely Bell tests of nonlocality, to ensure the security of a communication link. This requires the loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality, which is intrinsically difficult due to losses in fibre optic transmission channels. Heralded photon amplification is a teleportation-based protocol that has been proposed as a means to overcome transmission loss for DI-QKD. Here we demonstrate heralded photon amplification for pa…
We report on an orbital-angular-momentum-enhanced scheme for angular displacement estimation based on two-mode squeezed vacuum and parity detection. The sub-Heisenberg-limited sensitivity for angular displacement estimation is obtained in an ideal situation. Several realistic factors are also considered, including photon loss, dark counts, response-time delay, and thermal photon noise. Our results indicate that the effects of the realistic factors on the sensitivity can be offset by raising orbital angular momentum quantum number $\ell$. This reflects that the robustness and the practicability…
In this paper, we study how a displacement of a quantum system appears under a change of relativistic reference frame. We introduce a generic method in which a displacement operator in one reference frame can be transformed into another reference frame. It is found that, when moving between non-inertial reference frames there can be distortions of phase information, modal structure and amplitude. We analyse how these effects affect traditional homodyne detection techniques. We then develop an in principle homodyne detection scheme which is robust to these effect, called the ideal homodyne dete…
Connection between the contextuality breaking and incompatibility breaking qubit channels
Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad（达尔瓦德印度理工学院）；Patna Science College, Patna University（巴特那大学巴特那理学院）；S. N. Bose National Center for Basic Sciences（S.N. 玻色基础科学国家中心）
In this article, we study the dynamics of quantum correlation measures such as entanglement and measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN). Starting from an arbitrary Bell diagonal mixed states under Markovian local noise such as bit-phase flip, depolarizing and generalized amplitude damping channel, we provide the decays of the entanglement measured by concurrence and quantum correlation captured by different forms of MIN (trace distance, Hilbert-Schmidt norm and relative entropy) as a function of the decoherence parameters. The effect of local noises on the dynamical behaviors of quantum correlat…
