The communication capacity of Gaussian bosonic channels with memory has recently attracted much interest. Here, we investigate a method to prepare the multimode entangled input symbol states for encoding classical information into these channels. In particular, we study the usefulness of a Gaussian matrix product state (GMPS) as an input symbol state, which can be sequentially generated although it remains heavily entangled for an arbitrary number of modes. We show that the GMPS can achieve more than 99.9% of the Gaussian capacity for Gaussian bosonic memory channels with a Markovian or non-Markovian correlated noise model in a large range of noise correlation strengths. Furthermore, we present a noise class for which the GMPS is the exact optimal input symbol state of the corresponding channel. Since GMPS are ground states of particular quadratic Hamiltonians, our results suggest a possible link between the theory of quantum communication channels and quantum many-body physics.
The additivity problem asks if the use of entanglement can boost the information-carrying capacity of a given channel beyond what is achievable by coding with simple product states only. This has recently been shown not to be the case for phase-insensitive one-mode Gaussian channels, but remains unresolved in general. Here we consider two general classes of bosonic noise channels, which include phase-insensitive Gaussian channels as special cases: these are beamsplitters with general, potentially non-Gaussian environment states and classical noise channels with general probabilistic noise. We …
We consider a protocol for sharing quantum states using continuous variable systems. Specifically we introduce an encoding procedure where bosonic modes in arbitrary secret states are mixed with several ancillary squeezed modes through a passive interferometer. We derive simple conditions on the interferometer for this encoding to define a secret sharing protocol and we prove that they are satisfied by almost any interferometer. This implies that, if the interferometer is chosen uniformly at random, the probability that it may not be used to implement a quantum secret sharing protocol is zero.…
We introduce a unary coding of bosonic occupation states based on the famous "balls and walls" counting for the number of configurations of $N$ indistinguishable particles on $L$ distinguishable sites. Each state is represented by an integer with a human readable bit string that has a compositional structure allowing for the efficient application of operators that locally modify the number of bosons. By exploiting translational and inversion symmetries, we identify a speedup factor of order $L$ over current methods when generating the basis states of bosonic lattice models. The unary coding is…
The single-mode bosonic channel is addressed with classical interference in the modulation and with side information at the transmitter. This model can viewed as the quantum counterpart of the classical random-parameter Gaussian channel. Based on Costa's writing-on-dirty-paper result (1983), the effect of the channel parameter can be canceled even when the decoder has no side information, and regardless of the input power constraint. For both homodyne and heterodyne detection with a coherent-state protocol, the model reduces to a classical channel with either real or complex-valued Gaussian no…
Recently, there have been considerable progresses on the bounds of various quantum channel capacities for bosonic Gaussian channels. Especially, several upper bounds for the classical capacity and the quantum capacity on the bosonic Gaussian channels, via a technique known as quantum entropy power inequality, have been shed light on understanding the mysterious quantum-channel-capacity problems. However, upper bounds for the private capacity on quantum channels are still missing for the study on certain universal upper bounds. Here, we derive upper bounds on the private capacity for bosonic Ga…
We obtain several analogs of real polar decomposition for even dimensional matrices. In particular, we decompose a non-degenerate matrix as a product of a Hamiltonian and an anti-symplectic matrix and under additional requirements we decompose a matrix as a skew-Hamiltonian and a symplectic matrix. We apply our results to study bosonic Gaussian channels up to inhomogeneous symplectic transforms.
I show that classical capacity per unit cost of noisy bosonic Gaussian channels can be attained by employing generalized on-off keying modulation format and a projective measurement of individual output states. This means that neither complicated collective measurements nor phase-sensitive detection is required to communicate over optical channels at the ultimate limit imposed by laws of quantum mechanics in the limit of low average cost.
We show how to compute or at least to estimate various capacity-related quantities for Bosonic Gaussian channels. Among these are the coherent information, the entanglement assisted classical capacity, the one-shot classical capacity, and a new quantity involving the transpose operation, shown to be a general upper bound on the quantum capacity, even allowing for finite errors. All bounds are explicitly evaluated for the case of a one-mode channel with attenuation/amplification and classical noise.
A complete degradability analysis of one-mode Gaussian Bosonic channels is presented. We show that apart from the class of channels which are unitarily equivalent to the channels with additive classical noise, these maps can be characterized in terms of weak- and/or anti-degradability. Furthermore a new set of channels which have null quantum capacity is identified. This is done by exploiting the composition rules of one-mode Gaussian maps and the fact that anti-degradable channels can not be used to transfer quantum information.
The extremality of Gaussian states is exploited to show that Gaussian states are the most robust, among all possible bipartite continuous-variable states at fixed energy, against disentanglement due to noisy evolutions in Markovian Gaussian channels involving dissipation and thermal hopping. This proves a conjecture raised recently in [M. Allegra, P. Giorda, and M. G. A. Paris, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 105}, 100503 (2010)], providing a rigorous validation of the conclusions of that work. The problem of identifying continuous variable states with maximum resilience to entanglement damping in more …
We present an algorithm for calculation of the Gaussian classical capacity of a quantum bosonic memory channel with additive Gaussian noise. The algorithm, restricted to Gaussian input states, is applicable to all channels with noise correlations obeying certain conditions and works in the full input energy domain, beyond previous treatments of this problem. As an illustration, we study the optimal input states and capacity of a quantum memory channel with Gauss-Markov noise [J. Schäfer, Phys. Rev. A 80, 062313 (2009)]. We evaluate the enhancement of the transmission rate when using these opti…
It is shown that phase-insensitive Gaussian bosonic channels are majorization-preserving over the set of passive states of the harmonic oscillator. This means that comparable passive states under majorization are transformed into equally comparable passive states. The proof relies on a new preorder relation called Fock-majorization, which coincides with regular majorization for passive states but also induces a mean photon number order, thereby connecting the concepts of energy and disorder of a quantum state. As an application, the consequences of majorization preservation are investigated in…
A pure-loss bosonic channel is a simple model for communication over free-space or fiber-optic links. More generally, phase-insensitive bosonic channels model other kinds of noise, such as thermalizing or amplifying processes. Recent work has established the classical capacity of all of these channels, and furthermore, it is now known that a strong converse theorem holds for the classical capacity of these channels under a particular photon number constraint. The goal of the present paper is to initiate the study of second-order coding rates for these channels, by beginning with the simplest o…
Robust exponential lower bounds for fermionic and bosonic Gaussian ranks
Yau Mathematical Sciences Center, Tsinghua University（清华大学丘成桐数学科学中心）；Qiuzhen College, Tsinghua University（清华大学求真学院）；Department of Mathematics, Tsinghua University（清华大学数学系）；Yanqi Lake Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications（北京雁栖湖应用数学研究院）
Beam-splitter operations are an indispensable resource for processing quantum information encoded in bosonic modes. However, in hybrid quantum systems, it can be challenging to implement reliable beam-splitters between two distinct bosonic modes due to various experimental imperfections. Without beam-splitters, realizing arbitrary Gaussian operations between bosonic modes can become highly non-trivial or even infeasible. In this work, we develop novel interference-based protocols for engineering Gaussian operations in multi-mode hybrid bosonic systems without requiring beam-splitters. Specific…
We investigate the capacity of bosonic quantum channels for the transmission of quantum information. Achievable rates are determined from measurable moments of the channel by showing that every channel can asymptotically simulate a Gaussian channel which is characterized by second moments of the initial channel. We calculate the quantum capacity for a class of Gaussian channels, including channels describing optical fibers with photon losses, by proving that Gaussian encodings are optimal. Along the way we provide a complete characterization of degradable Gaussian channels and those arising fr…
Bosonic qubits are a promising route to building fault-tolerant quantum computers on a variety of physical platforms. Studying the performance of bosonic qubits under realistic gates and measurements is challenging with existing analytical and numerical tools. We present a novel formalism for simulating classes of states that can be represented as linear combinations of Gaussian functions in phase space. This formalism allows us to analyze and simulate a wide class of non-Gaussian states, transformations and measurements. We demonstrate how useful classes of bosonic qubits -- Gottesman-Kitaev-…
The trade-off capacity region of a quantum channel characterizes the optimal net rates at which a sender can communicate classical, quantum, and entangled bits to a receiver by exploiting many independent uses of the channel, along with the help of the same resources. Similarly, one can consider a trade-off capacity region when the noiseless resources are public, private, and secret key bits. In [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 140501 (2012)], we identified these trade-off rate regions for the pure-loss bosonic channel and proved that they are optimal provided that a longstanding minimum output entropy …
Testing bosonic and fermionic Gaussian states with a constant number of copies
CWI（荷兰数学与计算机科学研究中心）；QuSoft（QuSoft量子计算中心）；University of Leiden（莱顿大学）；Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick（华威大学计算机科学系）；LMU Munich（慕尼黑大学）；MCQST（慕尼黑量子科学与技术中心）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）
We show the existence of a majorization ladder in bosonic Gaussian channels, that is, we prove that the channel output resulting from the $n\text{th}$ energy eigenstate (Fock state) majorizes the channel output resulting from the $(n\!+\!1)\text{th}$ energy eigenstate (Fock state). This reflects a remarkable link between the energy at the input of the channel and a disorder relation at its output as captured by majorization theory. This result was previously known in the special cases of a pure-loss channel and quantum-limited amplifier, and we achieve here its nontrivial generalization to any…
We study a continuous variable (CV) dense-coding protocol, originally proposed to employ a two-mode squeezed state, using a general two-mode Gaussian state as a quantum channel. We particularly obtain conditions to manifest quantum advantage by beating two well-known single-mode schemes, namely, the squeezed-state scheme (best Gaussian scheme) and the number-state scheme (optimal scheme achieving the Holevo bound). We then extend our study to a multipartite Gaussian state and investigate the monogamy of operational entanglement measured by the communication capacity under the dense-coding prot…
A minimal energy quantum superposition of two maximally distinguishable, isoenergetic single mode Gaussian states is used to construct the system-environment representation of a class of linear bosonic quantum channels acting on a single bosonic mode. The quantum channels are further defined by unitary dynamics of the system and environment corresponding to either a passive linear optical element $U_{\text{BS}}$ or two-mode squeezing $U_{\text{TM}}$. The notion of nonclassicality distance is used to show that the initial environment superposition state becomes maximally nonclassical as the con…
We study the measurement-induced non-Gaussian operation on the single- and two-mode \textit{Gaussian} squeezed vacuum states with beam splitters and on-off type photon detectors, with which \textit{mixed non-Gaussian} states are generally obtained in the conditional process. It is known that the entanglement can be enhanced via this non-Gaussian operation on the two-mode squeezed vacuum state. We show that, in the range of practical squeezing parameters, the conditional outputs are still close to Gaussian states, but their second order variances of quantum fluctuations and correlations are eff…
In spite of their simple description in terms of rotations or symplectic transformations in phase space, quadratic Hamiltonians such as those modeling the most common Gaussian operations on bosonic modes remain poorly understood in terms of entropy production. For instance, determining the von Neumann entropy produced by a Bogoliubov transformation is notably a hard problem, with generally no known analytical solution. Here, we overcome this difficulty by using the replica method, a tool borrowed from statistical physics and quantum field theory. We exhibit a first application of this method t…
ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology（ICFO-光子科学研究所，巴塞罗那科学与技术研究院）；Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales（布宜诺斯艾利斯大学，理学院）；CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA)（阿根廷国家科学研究委员会-布宜诺斯艾利斯大学，布宜诺斯艾利斯物理研究所 (IFIBA)）
We locate the set of pairs $(ρ_{1},ρ_{2})$ of Gaussian states of a single mode electromagnetic field that exhibit maximal trace distance subject to the energy constraint $\langle a^{\dagger}a \rangle_{ρ_{1}}=\langle a^{\dagger}a \rangle_{ρ_{2}} = E$. Any such pair allows to achieve the minimum possible error in the task of binary distinguishability of two single mode, isoenergetic Gaussian quantum signals. In particular, we show that the logarithm of the minimal error probability for distinguishing two maximally trace distant, isoenergetic Gaussian states scales as $-E^{2}$, less than the achi…
We show that when coherent-state encoding is employed in conjunction with coherent detection, the Bosonic broadcast channel is equivalent to a classical degraded Gaussian broadcast channel whose capacity region is dual to that of the classical Gaussian multiple-access channel. We further show that if a minimum output-entropy conjecture holds true, then the ultimate classical information capacity of the Bosonic broadcast channel can be achieved by a coherent-state encoding. We provide some evidence in support of the conjecture.
Upper bounds for private communication over quantum channels can be derived by adopting channel simulation, protocol stretching, and relative entropy of entanglement. All these ingredients have led to single-letter upper bounds to the secret key capacity which can be directly computed over suitable resource states. For bosonic Gaussian channels, the tightest upper bounds have been derived by employing teleportation simulation over asymptotic resource states, namely the asymptotic Choi matrices of these channels. In this work, we adopt a different approach. We show that teleporting over an anal…
Symplectic Optimization on Bosonic Gaussian States
Universität Hamburg（汉堡大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging（汉堡超快成像中心）；IBM Research Europe, The Hartree Centre STFC Laboratory（IBM欧洲研究院，哈特里STFC实验室）
Quantum error correction is essential for robust quantum information processing with noisy devices. As bosonic quantum systems play a crucial role in quantum sensing, communication, and computation, it is important to design error correction codes suitable for these systems against various different types of noises. While most efforts aim at protecting qubits encoded into the infinite dimensional Hilbert space of a bosonic mode, [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 080503 (2020)] proposed an error correction code to maintain the infinite-dimensional-Hilbert-space nature of bosonic systems by encoding a sing…
Operator-sum or Kraus representations for single-mode Bosonic Gaussian channels are developed, and several of their consequences explored. Kraus operators are employed to bring out the manner in which the unphysical matrix transposition map when accompanied by injection of a threshold classical noise becomes a physical channel. The action of the quantum-limited attenuator and amplifier channels as simply scaling maps on suitable quasi-probabilities in phase space is examined in the Kraus picture. Consideration of cumulants is used to examine the issue of fixed points. In the cases of entanglem…
An outstanding challenge for quantum information processing using bosonic systems is Gaussian errors such as excitation loss and added thermal noise errors. Thus, bosonic quantum error correction (QEC) is essential. Most bosonic QEC schemes encode a finite-dimensional logical qubit or qudit into noisy bosonic oscillator modes. In this case, however, the infinite-dimensional bosonic nature of the physical system is lost at the error-corrected logical level. On the other hand, there are several proposals for encoding an oscillator mode into many noisy oscillator modes. However, these oscillator-…
Quantum communication is an important branch of quantum information science, promising unconditional security to classical communication and providing the building block of a future large-scale quantum network. Noise in realistic quantum communication channels imposes fundamental limits on the communication rates of various quantum communication tasks. It is therefore crucial to identify or bound the quantum capacities of a quantum channel. Here, we consider Gaussian channels that model energy loss and thermal noise errors in realistic optical and microwave communication channels and study the…
Gaussian states, operations, and measurements are central building blocks for continuous-variable quantum information processing which paves the way for abundant applications, especially including network-based quantum computation and communication. To make the most use of the Gaussian processes, it is required to understand and utilize suitable mathematical tools such as the symplectic space, symplectic algebra, and Wigner representation. Applying these mathematical tools to practical quantum scenarios, we developed various schemes for quantum transduction, interference-based bosonic mode per…
