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arXiv 1111.6667astro-ph.HE
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分层外部介质中GRB喷流的模拟:动力学、余辉光变曲线、喷流破裂和射电量热法

Simulations of GRB Jets in a Stratified External Medium: Dynamics, Afterglow Lightcurves, Jet Breaks and Radio Calorimetry

Fabio De Colle, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, Jonathan Granot, Diego Lopez-Camara

摘要:

在余辉阶段的伽玛射线暴喷流的动力学是最可靠和准确的建模使用流体动力学模拟。然而,所有已发表的模拟,只考虑了一个均匀的外部介质,而分层的外部介质,预计周围的长时间伽玛射线暴祖。在这里,我们提出了模拟的动力学的伽玛暴射流和由此产生的余辉发射均匀和分层的外部介质与$ρ\propto r^{-k}$为k = 0,1,2。使用特殊相对论版本的Mezcal代码在2D中进行模拟。分层的外部介质的动力学大致类似于那些派生的扩展到一个统一的外部介质。当洛伦兹因子低于1/θ_0时,射流半开角开始随时间呈对数增长。对于较大的k值,横向膨胀在早期更快,在晚期更慢,射流膨胀变成牛顿,并在逐渐变长的时间尺度上慢慢接近球形对称。我们发现,与分析的预期相反,有一个合理的尖锐的射流中断的光曲线k = 2,虽然形状的休息的影响更多的视角比由外部密度分布的斜率。发现较陡的密度分布产生更渐进的射流中断,而较大的视角导致更平滑和稍后出现的射流中断。反喷流变得可见,因为它变得亚相对论性,并且对于k=0,这导致在光变曲线中的清楚的隆起状特征。然而,对于较大的k值,喷流的减速更加缓慢,导致射电光变曲线只有轻微的平坦化,当k=2时可能很难辨别。后期的无线电量热法可能会一致地高估真实能量,对于k=2,高估了几个因子,对于k = 0,1,高估或低估了一个较小的因子。

英文摘要:

The dynamics of GRB jets during the afterglow phase is most reliably and accurately modelled using hydrodynamic simulations. All published simulations, however, have considered only a uniform external medium, while a stratified external medium is expected around long duration GRB progenitors. Here we present simulations of the dynamics of GRB jets and the resulting afterglow emission for both uniform and stratified external media with $ρ\propto r^{-k}$ for k = 0, 1, 2. The simulations are performed in 2D using the special relativistic version of the Mezcal code. The dynamics for stratified external media are broadly similar to those derived for expansion into a uniform external medium. The jet half-opening angle start increasing logarithmically with time once the Lorentz factor drops below 1/theta_0. For larger k values the lateral expansion is faster at early times and slower at late times with the jet expansion becoming Newtonian and slowly approaching spherical symmetry over progressively longer timescales. We find that contrary to analytic expectations, there is a reasonably sharp jet break in the lightcurve for k = 2 although the shape of the break is affected more by the viewing angle than by the slope of the external density profile. Steeper density profiles are found to produce more gradual jet breaks while larger viewing angles cause smoother and later appearing jet breaks. The counter-jet becomes visible as it becomes sub-relativistic, and for k=0 this results in a clear bump-like feature in the light curve. However, for larger k values the jet decelerates more gradually, causing only a mild flattening in the radio light curve that might be hard to discern when k=2. Late time radio calorimetry is likely to consistently over-estimate the true energy by up to a factor of a few for k=2, and either over-predict or under-predict it by a smaller factor for k = 0,1.

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