地球中微子和地球的放射性能量
Geo-neutrinos and the Radioactive Power of the Earth
摘要：
地球的化学和物理模型对地球的放射性能量几乎没有一致的看法。每一个预测的放射性功率范围，与其他略有重叠，约24太瓦，并在一起跨越14-46太瓦。大约20%的放射性能量（3-8 TW）以地球中微子的形式逃逸到太空。剩下的11-38 TW加热了行星，产生了显著的地球动力学后果，表现为43-49 TW表面热流的放射性成分。表面热流的非放射性成分（5-38 TW）可能是原始的，是行星形成和早期演化的遗产。辐射加热的约束测量提供了对地球热历史的见解，并可能区分化学和物理地球模型。地球上的放射性加热主要来自铀、钍和钾的不稳定核素。形成稳定子核的途径包括核β衰变，产生地中微子。大型地下探测器可以有效地记录能量，但不能记录仅来自铀和钍的最高能量地球中微子的罕见相互作用的方向。测得的相互作用的能谱估计了这些产热元素的相对数量，而强度估计了行星的放射性能量。最近在日本和意大利进行的地中微子观测发现了一致的辐射加热值。综合结果温和地排除了辐射加热的最低模型值，并假设整个地幔对流，确定原始热损失。未来的观测有可能更精确地测量辐射加热，进一步限制地质模型和地球的热演化。
英文摘要：
Chemical and physical Earth models agree little as to the radioactive power of the planet. Each predicts a range of radioactive powers, overlapping slightly with the other at about 24 TW, and together spanning 14-46 TW. Approximately 20 % of this radioactive power (3-8 TW) escapes to space in the form of geo-neutrinos. The remaining 11-38 TW heats the planet with significant geo-dynamical consequences, appearing as the radiogenic component of the 43-49 TW surface heat flow. The non-radiogenic component of the surface heat flow (5-38 TW) is presumably primordial, a legacy of the formation and early evolution of the planet. A constraining measurement of radiogenic heating provides insights to the thermal history of the Earth and potentially discriminates chemical and physical Earth models. Radiogenic heating in the planet primarily springs from unstable nuclides of uranium, thorium, and potassium. The paths to their stable daughter nuclides include nuclear beta decays, producing geo-neutrinos. Large sub-surface detectors efficiently record the energy but not the direction of the infrequent interactions of the highest energy geo-neutrinos, originating only from uranium and thorium. The measured energy spectrum of the interactions estimates the relative amounts of these heat-producing elements, while the intensity estimates planetary radiogenic power. Recent geo-neutrino observations in Japan and Italy find consistent values of radiogenic heating. The combined result mildly excludes the lowest model values of radiogenic heating and, assuming whole mantle convection, identifies primordial heat loss. Future observations have the potential to measure radiogenic heating with better precision, further constraining geological models and the thermal evolution of the Earth.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
