56 pages in RMP ReVTeX format, 36 figures. A few typos corrected and a few minor points changed: resubmitted only to match the final version accepted for publication by Physics Reports
The deepest hole that has ever been dug is about 12 km deep. Geochemists analyze samples from the Earth's crust and from the top of the mantle. Seismology can reconstruct the density profile throughout all Earth, but not its composition. In this respect, our planet is mainly unexplored. Geo-neutrinos, the antineutrinos from the progenies of U, Th and K40 decays in the Earth, bring to the surface information from the whole planet, concerning its content of natural radioactive elements. Their detection can shed light on the sources of the terrestrial heat flow, on the present composition, and on the origins of the Earth. Geo-neutrinos represent a new probe of our planet, which can be exploited as a consequence of two fundamental advances that occurred in the last few years: the development of extremely low background neutrino detectors and the progress on understanding neutrino propagation. We review the status and the prospects of the field.
Sensitivity of neutrino oscillations to the Earth's interior properties
Université Paris Cité(巴黎西岱大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);Astroparticule et Cosmologie(粒子天体物理与宇宙学);Institut de physique du globe de Paris(巴黎地球物理研究所);Institut universitaire de France(法兰西学院);Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1(里昂第一大学);ENS de Lyon(里昂高等师范学院);LGL-TPE(地球、行星与环境实验室);University of Idaho(爱达荷大学)
Super-Earth Interiors Shrink by About 10% as They Crystallise
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen(格罗宁根大学卡普坦天文研究所);Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学天文学研究所);Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, ETH Zurich(苏黎世联邦理工学院地球与行星科学系)
GRACE -- gravity data for understanding the deep Earth's interior
虽然GRACE空间飞行任务观测到的时间重力变化的主要原因是地球表面响应气候和人为强迫而发生的水团重新分布(例如,陆地水文、海洋质量、冰川和冰盖质量的变化),固体地球质量的再分布也被这些观测记录下来。特别是冰川均衡调整(GIA)或地幔对末次冰消作用的粘性响应。然而,直到最近才发现重力数据还包含了外核内部流动的特征及其对核幔边界的影响。在GRACE观测中探测地球深部的过程提供了一个令人兴奋的机会,可以提供关于核幔界面动力学的额外见解。本文介绍GRACEFUL(Gravimetry,mAgnetism and CorE Flow)计划的一个方面,即利用重力场资料了解地球流体核和核幔边界内的动力学过程的可能性,以及地磁场变化所提供的动力学过程。
Coupled atmospHere Interior modeL Intercomparison (CHILI). I. Evolutionary Modelling -- Primordial Magma Oceans of Earth and Venus
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学天文学研究所);University of Washington(华盛顿大学);Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen(格罗宁根大学卡普坦天文研究所);Stanford University(斯坦福大学);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台);Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Versailles(凡尔赛数学实验室);Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS(巴黎西岱大学,巴黎地球物理学院,法国国家科学研究中心);University of Central Florida(中佛罗里达大学);Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);SRON Netherlands Research Organisation(荷兰研究组织SRON);Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden(莱顿大学莱登天文台);School of Physics, University of Bristol(布里斯托大学物理学院);Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin(柏林自由大学地质科学研究所)
Formation of abiogenic hydrocarbons in supercritical fluids under Earth's upper mantle conditions
Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum(波鸿鲁尔大学理论化学教席);Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology(香港科技大学物理系);Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology(香港科技大学化学系)
Neutrino oscillation tomography of the Earth with KM3NeT-ORCA
KM 3 NeT-ORCA是一个水切伦科夫中微子探测器,设计用于研究大气中微子振荡,主要目标是测量中微子质量有序。穿过地球的大气中微子受到物质效应的影响,改变了它们的味道振荡模式。因此,对ORCA中中微子事件的角度和能量分布的研究可以提供关于地球内部的层析成像信息,这是对标准地球物理学方法的补充。基于探测器响应的完整蒙特卡罗模拟的初步估计表明,经过十年的运行,电子密度可以在地幔中以3-5%的精度测量,在外核中以7-10%的精度测量-取决于质量排序。
Coupled atmospHere Interior modeL Intercomparison (CHILI) Protocol Version 1.0: A CUISINES Intercomparison Project of Magma Ocean Models
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen(格罗宁根大学卡佩因天文研究所);Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Stanford University(斯坦福大学地球与行星科学系);Department of Earth and Space Sciences / Astrobiology Program, University of Washington(华盛顿大学地球与空间科学系/天体生物学项目);Leiden Observatory(莱顿天文台);SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research(荷兰空间研究研究所);School of Physics, University of Bristol(布里斯托尔大学物理学院);Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin(柏林自由大学地球科学系);Harvard Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences(哈佛保罗森工程与应用科学学院);Department of Physics, McGill University(麦吉尔大学物理系)