L. Gladstone
IceCube is the world's largest neutrino telescope, recently completed at the South Pole. As a proof of pointing accuracy, we look for the image of the Moon as a deficit in down-going cosmic ray muons, using techniques similar to those used in IceCube's astronomical point-source searches.
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In the absence of an astrophysical standard candle, IceCube can study the deficit of cosmic rays from the direction of the Moon. The observation of this "Moon shadow" in the downgoing muon flux is an experimental verification of the absolute pointing accuracy and the angular resolution of the detector with respect to energetic muons passing through. The Moon shadow has been observed in the 40-string configuration of IceCube. This is the first stage of IceCube in which a Moon shadow analysis has been successful. Method, results, and some systematic error studies will be discussed.
Cosmic rays are hampered by the Moon and a deficit in its direction is expected (the so-called Moon shadow). The Moon shadow is an important method to determine the performance of an air shower array. In fact, the westward displacement of the shadow centre, due to the propagation of cosmic rays in the geomagnetic field, allows to calibrate the energy scale of the primary particles observed by the detector. In addition, the shape of the shadow allows a measurement of the angular resolution and the position of the deficit at high energy allows the evaluation of the pointing accuracy of the detec…
An accurate MonteCarlo simulation of the deficit of primary cosmic rays in the direction of the Moon has been developed to interpret the observations reported in the TeV energy region until now. Primary particles are propagated trough the geomagnetic field in the Earth-Moon system. The algorithm is described and the contributions of the detector resolution and of the geomagnetic field are disentangled.
The Influence of Sun's and Moon's Shadows on Cosmic-Ray Anisotropy
本研究通过计算太阳和月球阴影在本地太阳时和恒星时对宇宙线各向异性的贡献，发现恒星时的影响可忽略，而太阳时的阴影亏损幅度与太阳各向异性相当，可作为未来测量验证的基准。
The Earth is subjected to a uniform flux of very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) cosmic rays unless they are obscured by an object, such as the Moon, in which case a deficit or shadow is created. Since cosmic rays are charged this deficit is deflected by the Earth's magnetic field, enabling the rigidity of the obstructed cosmic rays to be determined. Measurement of the relative deficits of different species enables the positron fraction and the antiproton ratio to be measured. The April 15, 2014 lunar eclipse was visible with the VERITAS Cherenkov telescopes, which allowed (with special UV band…
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scaled detector located at the Geographic South Pole. The calibration of the directional reconstruction of neutrino-induced muons and the pointing accuracy of the detector have to be verified. For these purposes, the moon is used as a standard candle to not rely exclusively on simulated data: Cosmic rays get absorbed by the moon, which leads to a deficit of cosmic-ray-induced muons from the lunar direction that is measured with high statistics. The moon shadow analysis uses an unbinned maximum-likelihood method, which has been methodically …
The excess of high energy neutrinos observed by the IceCube collaboration might originate from baryon number violating decays of heavy shadow baryons from dark mirror sector which produce shadow neutrinos. These sterile neutrino species then oscillate into ordinary neutrinos transferring to them specific features of their spectrum. In particular, this scenario can explain the end of the spectrum above 2 PeV and the presence of the energy gap between 400 TeV and 1 PeV.
Cosmic rays are hampered by the Moon and a deficit in its direction is expected (the so-called \emph{Moon shadow}). The Moon shadow is an important tool to determine the performance of an air shower array. In fact, the displacement of the shadow center, due to the bending effect of the Geomagnetic field on the propagation of cosmic rays, allows to set the energy scale of the primary particles inducing the showers observed by the detector. The shape of the shadow permits to determine the detector point spread function. The position of the deficit at high energy allows evaluating its pointing ac…
The shadowing of cosmic ray primaries by the the moon and sun was observed by the MINOS far detector at a depth of \unit[2070]{mwe} using 83.54 million cosmic ray muons accumulated over 1857.91 live-days. The shadow of the moon was detected at the \unit[5.6]{$σ$} level and the shadow of the sun at the \unit[3.8]{$σ$} level using a log-likelihood search in celestial coordinates. The moon shadow was used to quantify the absolute astrophysical pointing of the detector to be 0.17\pm 0.12^\circ. Hints of Interplanetary Magnetic Field effects were observed in both the sun and moon shadow.
The antimatter components measured in the Cosmic Ray (CR) flux are thought as secondary particles induced by the propagation of galactic CRs within the galaxy. Recent results from the PAMELA experiment show an unexpected increase of the positron electron ratio above 10 GeV. There could be different interpretations to explain that result, the most discussed ones being the signature of nearby compact astrophysical source(s) or of dark matter annihilation/decay. Probing the positron-fraction rise above 100 GeV would help to disentangle among different scenarios. Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Tele…
Cosmic rays are hampered by the Moon and a deficit in its direction is expected (the so-called \emph{Moon shadow}). The Moon shadow is an important tool to determine the performance of an air shower array. Indeed, the westward displacement of the shadow center, due to the bending effect of the geomagnetic field on the propagation of cosmic rays, allows the setting of the absolute rigidity scale of the primary particles inducing the showers recorded by the detector. In addition, the shape of the shadow permits to determine the detector point spread function, while the position of the deficit at…
The shadowing effect of the Moon and Sun in TeV cosmic rays has been measured with high statistical significance by several experiments. Unlike particles from directions close to the Moon, however, charged particles passing by the neighborhood of the Sun are affected not only by the geomagnetic but also by the solar near- and interplanetary-magnetic field. Since the latter undergoes a well-known 11-year cycle -- during which it can become highly disordered -- the cosmic-ray shadow cast by the Sun as observed on Earth is expected to change over time. We present an update of the analysis of the …
Cosmic ray antiprotons provide an important probe for the study of cosmic-ray propagation in the interstellar space and to investigate the existence of Galactic dark matter. Cosmic rays are hampered by the Moon, therefore a deficit of cosmic rays in its direction is expected (the so-called "Moon shadow"). The Earth-Moon system acts as a magnetic spectrometer. In fact, due to the geomagnetic field the center of the Moon shifts westward by an amount depending on the primary cosmic ray energy. Paths of primary antiprotons are therefore deflected in an opposite sense in their way to the Earth. Thi…
First observation of the cosmic ray shadow of the Moon and the Sun with KM3NeT/ORCA
本研究利用部署6个探测单元的KM3NeT/ORCA探测器，首次观测到月球和太阳的宇宙线阴影，验证了探测器校准有效性与方向重建精度，展现其指向与角分辨率性能。
Observation of the Shadows of the Moon and Sun Using the Pierre Auger Observatory at an Average Energy of $7\times10^{17}\,$eV
本文利用皮埃尔·俄歇观测站20年积累的超1060万事例，首次在平均能量7×10^17 eV下观测到月球阴影，显著性超3σ，并据此检验方向重建、推导有效角分辨率，同时报告了太阳阴影的类似研究结果。
Recent measurements of the cosmic-ray electron (e-) and positron (e+) fluxes show apparent excesses compared to the spectra expected by standard cosmic-ray (CR) propagation models in our galaxy. These excesses may be related to particle acceleration in local astrophysical objects, or to dark matter annihilation/decay. The e+/e- ratio (measured up to ~100 GeV) increases unexpectedly above 10 GeV and this may be connected to the excess measured in all-electron flux at 300-800 GeV. Measurement of this ratio at higher energies is a key parameter to understand the origin of these spectral anomalies…
Searches for point sources of astrophysical neutrinos and related measurements: Searches for steady and time-variable sources; Follow-up programs; AGNs; GRBs; Moon shadow; Submitted papers to the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Beijing 2011.
The Sun albedo of cosmic rays at GeVs energy has been discovered recently by FERMI satellite. They are traces of atmospheric CR hitting solar atmosphere and reflecting skimming gamma photons. Even if relevant for astrophysics, as being trace of atmospheric solar Cosmic Ray noises they cannot offer any signal of neutrino astronomy. On the contrary the Moon, with no atmosphere, may become soon a novel filtering calorimeter and an amplifier of energetic muon astronomical neutrinos (at TeV up to hundred TeV energy); these lepton tracks leave an imprint in their beta decay while in flight to Earth.…
We report on the observation of a significant deficit of cosmic rays from the direction of the Moon with the IceCube detector. The study of this "Moon shadow" is used to characterize the angular resolution and absolute pointing capabilities of the detector. The detection is based on data taken in two periods before the completion of the detector: between April 2008 and May 2009, when IceCube operated in a partial configuration with 40 detector strings deployed in the South Pole ice, and between May 2009 and May 2010 when the detector operated with 59 strings. Using two independent analysis met…
An indirect measurement of the antiproton flux in cosmic rays is possible as the particles undergo deflection by the geomagnetic field. This effect can be measured by studying the deficit in the flux, or shadow, created by the Moon as it absorbs cosmic rays that are headed towards the Earth. The shadow is displaced from the actual position of the Moon due to geomagnetic deflection, which is a function of the energy and charge of the cosmic rays. The displacement provides a natural tool for momentum/charge discrimination that can be used to study the composition of cosmic rays. Using 33 months …
The high energy neutrinos produced in a choked GRB can undergo matter oscillation before emerging out of the stellar envelope. Before reaching the detector on Earth, these neutrinos can undergo further vacuum oscillation and then Earth matter oscillation. In the context of IceCube we study the Earth matter effect on neutrino flux in the detector. For the calculation of track-to-shower ratio R in the IceCube, we have included the shadowing effect and the additional contribution from the muon track produced by the high energy tau lepton decay in the vicinity of the detector. We observed that R i…
One of the main objectives of the ANTARES telescope is the search for point-like neutrino sources. Both the pointing accuracy and the angular resolution of the detector are important in this context and a reliable way to evaluate this performance is needed. In order to measure the pointing accuracy of the detector, one possibility is to study the shadow of the Moon, i.e. the deficit of the atmospheric muon flux from the direction of the Moon induced by the absorption of cosmic rays. Analysing the data taken between 2007 and 2016, the Moon shadow is observed with $3.5σ$ statistical significance…
The steep spectrum of neutrinos measured by IceCube extending from >1 PeV down to ~10 TeV has an energy flux now encroaching on the Fermi isotropic GeV background. We examine several implications starting from source energetics requirements for neutrino production. We show how the environment of extragalactic nuclei can extinguish ~10-100 TeV gamma rays and convert their energy to X-rays for plausible conditions of infrared luminosity and magnetic field, so that the Fermi background is not overwhelmed by cascades. We address a variety of scenarios, such as for acceleration by supermassive blac…
The excess of positrons in cosmic rays above $\sim$10 GeV has been a puzzle since it was discovered. Possible interpretations of the excess have been suggested, including acceleration in a local supernova remnant or annihilation of dark matter particles. To discriminate between these scenarios, the positron fraction must be measured at higher energies. One technique to perform this measurement is using the Earth-Moon spectrometer: observing the deflection of positron and electron moon shadows by the Earth's magnetic field. The measurement has been attempted by previous imaging atmospheric Cher…
We report on the observation of a deficit in the cosmic ray flux from the directions of the Moon and Sun with five years of data taken by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Between May 2010 and May 2011 the IceCube detector operated with 79 strings deployed in the glacial ice at the South Pole, and with 86 strings between May 2011 and May 2015. A binned analysis is used to measure the relative deficit and significance of the cosmic ray shadows. Both the cosmic ray Moon and Sun shadows are detected with high statistical significance ($>10σ$) for each year. The results for the Moon shadow are con…
Observation of the Moon and Sun shadows with cosmic rays at an average energy of $\text{7}{\times}\text{10}^\text{17}\,$eV
研究利用皮埃尔·奥格天文台的三类探测器数据，首次观测到平均能量$7\times10^{17}\\,\text{eV}$宇宙射线的月球与太阳阴影，证实了该天文台表面探测器的指向精度并测得角分辨率。
A pilot submillimeter search for IceCube neutrino counterparts: JCMT follow-up and dusty-galaxy catalog associations
通过 JCMT 后续观测和 HerBS/PHZ 目录关联搜寻冰立方中微子对应体，发现 Shadow Blaster 等强透镜尘埃星系，支持分层搜寻策略。
We describe several components in the diffuse flux of high energy neutrinos reaching the Earth and discuss whether they could explain IceCube's observations. Then we focus on TeV neutrinos from the Sun. We show that this solar neutrino flux is correlated with the cosmic-ray shadow of the Sun measured by HAWC, and we find that it is much larger than the flux of atmospheric neutrinos. Stars like our Sun provide neutrinos with a very steep spectrum and no associated gammas. We argue that this is the type of contribution that could solve the main puzzle presented by the high energy IceCube data.
ANTARES is the largest undersea neutrino telescope and it has been taking data in its final configuration for more than ten years. On their journey to the Earth, cosmic rays can be absorbed by celestial objects, like the Sun, leading to a deficit in the atmospheric muon flux measured by the ANTARES detector, the so-called Sun "shadow" effect. This phenomenon can be used to evaluate fundamental telescope characteristics: the detector angular resolution and pointing accuracy. This work describes the study of the Sun "shadow" effect using the ANTARES data collected between 2008 and 2017. The stat…
A model independent parametrization of the optical properties of the refrozen IceCube drill holes
针对IceCube重冻钻孔光学性质不确定性主导探测器系统误差的问题，提出主成分分析方法，在统一框架内对现有场景插值，提供完整的系统变化。
Observations of the time-dependent cosmic-ray Sun shadow have been proven as a valuable diagnostic for the assessment of solar magnetic field models. In this paper, seven years of IceCube data are compared to solar activity and solar magnetic field models. A quantitative comparison of solar magnetic field models with IceCube data on the event rate level is performed for the first time. Additionally, a first energy-dependent analysis is presented and compared to recent predictions. We use seven years of IceCube data for the Moon and the Sun and compare them to simulations on data rate level. Th…
Energy calibration of LHAASO-KM2A using the cosmic ray Moon shadow
通过三年半的宇宙射线数据测量月影的西移现象，从而校准LHAASO-KM2A探测器在20-260 TeV范围内的能量响应，结果与MC模拟一致，证实了探测器响应模拟的准确性。
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