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arXiv 1106.0627gr-qcastro-ph.CO
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相对论性宇宙学扰动理论与小尺度非均匀性的演化

Relativistic Cosmological Perturbation Theory and the Evolution of Small-Scale Inhomogeneities

P. G. Miedema

摘要:

它表明,一阶相对论微扰理论的开放,平坦或封闭的Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker宇宙承认一个,只有一个,规范不变的量,它描述的扰动的能量密度,并成为等于通常的牛顿能量密度在非相对论性限制。粒子数密度的微扰也是如此。这些事实排除了以前理论中用来描述密度扰动的规范不变量的所有定义。利用这两个新的量,一个明显的协变和规范不变的宇宙学扰动理论,适用于非正压状态方程的压力,已经发展。新的理论是有效的所有尺度,因为度量梯度不发生在最终的发展方程。新理论有一个精确的非相对论性极限和一个与时间无关的牛顿势。通常的牛顿微扰理论不足以研究密度微扰的演化。在辐射主导的时代,粒子数密度的扰动与总能量密度的扰动引力耦合,而与粒子的性质无关。这意味着只有在物质和辐射解耦之后,结构才能开始形成。在物质和辐射密度的退耦之后,微扰非绝热地演化,即,它们与环境进行热交换。微扰的这种热损失可能会提高其质量的增长率,足以解释早期宇宙中的恒星形成,这是一种尚未理解的现象,如果没有冷暗物质存在的额外假设。这种理论观察是本文的主要结果。

英文摘要:

It is shown that a first-order relativistic perturbation theory for the open, flat or closed Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universe admits one, and only one, gauge-invariant quantity which describes the perturbation to the energy density and which becomes equal to the usual Newtonian energy density in the non-relativistic limit. The same holds true for the perturbation to the particle number density. These facts exclude all definitions of gauge-invariant quantities used to describe density perturbations in former theories. Using these two new quantities, a manifestly covariant and gauge-invariant cosmological perturbation theory, adapted to non-barotropic equations of state for the pressure, has been developed. The new theory is valid for all scales since metric gradients do not occur in the final evolution equations. The new theory has an exact non-relativistic limit with a time-independent Newtonian potential. The usual Newtonian perturbation theory is inadequate to study the evolution of density perturbations. In the radiation-dominated era, perturbations in the particle number density are gravitationally coupled to perturbations in the total energy density, irrespective of the nature of the particles. This implies that structure formation can commence only after decoupling of matter and radiation. After decoupling of matter and radiation density perturbations evolve diabatically, i.e., they exchange heat with their environment. This heat loss of a perturbation may enhance the growth rate of its mass sufficiently to explain stellar formation in the early universe, a phenomenon not understood, as yet, without the additional assumption of the existence of Cold Dark Matter. This theoretical observation is the main result of this article.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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