光子在拓扑物质中的命运：超导、禁闭和涡旋量子霍尔效应
The Fate of the Photon in Topological Matter: Superconductivity, Confinement and the Vortex Quantum Hall Effect
摘要：
拓扑物质的特征是在其长距离有效作用中存在拓扑BF项。由于U（1）规范场的紧性而引起的拓扑缺陷导致了拓扑绝缘体、拓扑超导体和拓扑禁闭之间的量子相变。在传统超导中，由于自发对称性破缺，光子由于安德森-希格斯机制而获得质量。本文导出了拓扑超导体和拓扑禁闭相中电磁场的相应有效作用量。在拓扑超导体中，磁通量被限制，光子通过BF机制获得拓扑质量：不涉及对称性破缺，基态具有拓扑秩序，跃迁由量子涨落引起。相反，在拓扑限制中，电荷被线性限制，光子通过施托克堡机制变成一个大质量的反对称张量。当弦凝聚体同时携带磁通量和电通量（双子弦）时，就会出现斜约束相。这种相位的特征在于涡旋量子霍尔效应，其与存储在涡旋上的信息的无耗散传输潜在相关。
英文摘要：
Topological matter is characterized by the presence of a topological BF term in its long-distance effective action. Topological defects due to the compactness of the U(1) gauge fields induce quantum phase transitions between topological insulators, topological superconductors and topological confinement. In conventional superconductivity, due to spontaneous symmetry breaking, the photon acquires a mass due to the Anderson-Higgs mechanism. In this paper we derive the corresponding effective actions for the electromagnetic field in topological superconductors and topological confinement phases. In topological superconductors magnetic flux is confined and the photon acquires a topological mass through the BF mechanism: no symmetry breaking is involved, the ground state has topological order and the transition is induced by quantum fluctuations. In topological confinement, instead, electric charge is linearly confined and the photon becomes a massive antisymmetric tensor via the Stückelberg mechanism. Oblique confinement phases arise when the string condensate carries both magnetic and electric flux (dyonic strings). Such phases are characterized by a vortex quantum Hall effect potentially relevant for the dissipationless transport of information stored on vortices.
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