The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey V: HCO+ and N2H+ Spectroscopy of 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Sources
Wayne M. Schlingman, Yancy L. Shirley, David E. Bolin, Erik Rosolowsky, John Bally, Cara Battersby, Miranda K. Dunham, Timothy P. Ellsworth-Bowers, Neal J. Evan… 展开作者
Wayne M. Schlingman, Yancy L. Shirley, David E. Bolin, Erik Rosolowsky, John Bally, Cara Battersby, Miranda K. Dunham, Timothy P. Ellsworth-Bowers, Neal J. Evans, Adam Ginsburg, Guy Stringfellow
We present the results of observations of 1882 sources in the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) at 1.1 mm with the 10m Heinrich Hertz Telescope simultaneously in HCO+ J=3-2 and N2H+ J=3-2. We detect 77% of these sources in HCO^+ and 51% in N2H+ at greater than 3$σ$. We find a strong correlation between the integrated intensity of both dense gas tracers and the 1.1 mm dust emission of BGPS sources. We determine kinematic distances for 529 sources (440 in the first quadrant breaking the distance ambiguity and 89 in the second quadrant) We derive the size, mass, and average density for this subset of clumps. The median size of BGPS clumps is 0.75 pc with a median mass of 330 M$_{\odot}$ (assuming T_{Dust}=20 K). The median HCO+ linewidth is 2.9 km s$^{-1}$ indicating that BGPS clumps are dominated by supersonic turbulence or unresolved kinematic motions. We find no evidence for a size-linewidth relationship for BGPS clumps. We analyze the effects of the assumed dust temperature on the derived clump properties with a Monte Carlo simulation and we find that changing the temperature distribution will change the median source properties (mass, volume-averaged number density, surface density) by factors of a few. The observed differential mass distribution has a power-law slope that is intermediate between that observed for diffuse CO clouds and the stellar IMF. BGPS clumps represent a wide range of objects (from dense cores to more diffuse clumps) and are typically characterized by larger sizes and lower densities than previously published surveys of high-mass star-forming regions. This collection of objects is a less-biased sample of star-forming regions in the Milky Way that likely span a wide range of evolutionary states.
The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. X. A Complete Spectroscopic Catalog of Dense Molecular Gas Observed toward 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Sources with 7.5 <= l <= 194 degrees
Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey（BGPS）是一个1.1毫米的连续测量，覆盖整个银河系170平方度的密集尘埃团。我们使用Heinrich Hertz亚毫米波望远镜的稠密气体示踪剂HCO+和N2 H + 3-2，对Bolocam银河系平面巡天v1.0.1目录中7.5 <= 1 <= 194度之间的所有6194个源进行了光谱观测。这是迄今为止对银河系致密分子气体进行的最大规模的有针对性的光谱调查。我们发现独特的速度为3126（50.5%）的BGPS v1.0.1源观察。没有HCO+ 3 - 2发射的强N2 H + 3 -2发射（T_{mb} > 0.5 K）在该星表中没有出现。我们表征了致密分子气体向整个样品发射的性质。HCO+是非常亚热填充和3-2过渡是光学厚朝向大多数BGPS团块。观测到的线宽中值为3.3 km/s，与BGPS团块内的超音速湍流一致。我们发现致密分子气体的积分强度和1.1毫米的峰值通量和气体动力学温度来自以前发表的NH3观测之间的强相关性。这些强度相关性是由3-2跃迁对激发条件的敏感性驱动的，而不是由分子柱密度或丰度的变化驱动的。我们确定了一个子集的113个来源与更强的N2 H+比HCO+的综合强度，但我们发现N2 H + / HCO+比和1.1毫米的连续通量密度，气体动力学温度，或线宽之间没有相关性。自我专注的情况很少（1.3%）。
The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. VIII. A Mid-Infrared Kinematic Distance Discrimination Method
我们提出了一种新的距离估计方法尘埃连续识别分子云团块。最近的（亚）毫米银河平面调查已经编目了数万个这样的物体，但对其物理特性的详细研究需要可靠的距离测定。我们推导出贝叶斯距离概率密度函数（DPDF）的770个对象从Bolocam银河平面调查在经度范围7.5 < l < 65。DPDF形式主义是基于运动学距离，并使用外部数据集放置先验距离概率，以解决运动学距离模糊（KDA）的对象在银河系内部。我们目前的先验知识与致密分子区尘埃的中红外吸收和分子气体的银河系分布有关。通过假设银河系中红外辐射的数值模型和简单的辐射转移，我们匹配的毫米热尘埃发射的形态与中红外吸收计算距离歧视的先验DPDF。首先从（亚）毫米源目录中选择对象，避免了对最暗红外暗云（IRDC）的偏见，并扩展了中红外消光探测的日心距离和对比度范围。我们推导出618个分子云团簇的约束良好的KDA分辨率，其中大约15%位于切向距离或超出切向距离。暗到足以被编目为IRDC的天体通常位于近运动学距离处。与银河环巡天KDA分辨率的距离比较产生了92%的一致性，银河正面视图显示了人马座和盾牌-半人马座臂的部分。这种KDA分辨率的方法，通过结合（亚）毫米和中红外观测的分子云团块的大目录的来源，一般适用于其他尘埃连续星系平面调查。
The ISM is a turbulent, multi-phase, and multi-scale medium following scaling relations. Analytical models of galactic gaseous disks need to take into account the multi-scale and multi-phase nature of the interstellar medium. They can be described as clumpy star-forming accretion disks in vertical hydrostatic equilibrium, with the mid-plane pressure balancing the gravity of the gaseous and stellar disk. ISM turbulence is taken into account by applying Galactic scaling relations to the cold atomic and molecular gas phases. Turbulence is maintained through energy injection by supernovae. With th…
Dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at redshift z$\geq$1 are among the most vigorously star-forming galaxies in the Universe. However, their dense ($\geq$10$^5$ cm$^{-3}$ ) gas phase - typically traced by HCN(1-0) - remains almost entirely unexplored: only two DSFGs have been detected in HCN(1-0) to date. We present results of a JVLA survey of the J=1-0 transition of HCN, HCO+, and HNC(1-0) in six strongly lensed DSFGs at z = 2.5 - 3.3, effectively doubling the number of DSFGs with deep observations of these lines. We detect HCN(1-0) emission in one source (J1202+5354, 4.4$σ$), with a tentativ…
Predicting HCN, HCO+, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies From local spiral and ultraluminous infrared galaxies to high-z star-forming and submillimeter galaxies
Both Galactic and extragalactic studies on star formation suggest that stars form directly from dense molecular gas. To trace such high volume density gas, HCN and HCO+ J=1-0 have been widely used for their high dipole moments, relatively high abundances, and often being the strongest lines after CO. However, HCN and HCO+ J=1-0 emission could be arguably dominated by the gas components at low volume densities. HCN J=2-1 and HCO+ J=2-1, with more suitable critical densities and excitation requirements, would trace typical dense gas closely related to star formation. Here we report new observati…
Predicting HCN, HCO$^+$, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies -- Extension to luminous infrared galaxies and the role of cosmic ray ionization
The widespread rings and gaps seen in the dust continuum in protoplanetary disks are sometimes accompanied by similar substructures seen in molecular line emission. One example is the outer gap at 100 au in AS 209, which shows that the H$_{13}$CO$^+$ and C$_{18}$O emission intensities decrease along with the continuum in the gap, while the DCO$^+$ emission increases inside the gap. We aim to study the behavior of DCO$^+$/H$_{13}$CO$^+$ and DCO$^+$/HCO$^+$ ratios in protoplanetary disk gaps assuming the two scenarios: the gas depletion follows the dust depletion and only the dust is depleted. W…
We present the results of ALMA $\sim$2 mm, $\lesssim$1$''$-resolution observations of ten (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies ([U]LIRGs; infrared luminosity $\gtrsim$ 10$^{11.7}$L$_{\odot}$) at $z <$ 0.15, targeting dense ($>$10$^{4}$ cm$^{-3}$) molecular (HCN, HCO$^{+}$, and HNC J=2-1) and 183 GHz H$_{2}$O 3$_{1,3}$-2$_{2,0}$ emission lines. Higher HCN to HCO$^{+}$ J=2-1 flux ratios are observed in some, but not all, AGN-important ULIRGs than in starburst-classified sources. We detect 183 GHz H$_{2}$O emission in almost all AGN-important ULIRGs, and elevated H$_{2}$O emission is found in two so…
OH Masers and the Dust Emissions Towards High Mass Protostellar Objects
背景：OH脉泽辐射与高质量恒星形成区有关。朝向这些区域中的一些区域，OH脉泽与HII区域相关联。对其他人来说，被认为是在一个较早的进化状态，OH脉泽是从HII区偏移。对于这些较晚的区域，人们认为OH脉泽与星周盘有关（例如Edris et al. 2005; Gray et al. 2003）。这些圆盘应该承载着密集的尘埃颗粒。热尘埃的存在可以通过毫米连续辐射以及红外辐射来追踪。目的：研究毫米波连续谱、OH脉泽辐射和红外天文台源之间的联系。方法：选取IRAS星表中的27个大质量恒星形成区（HMSFR）作为样本。2007年）已经在1.1毫米（mm）连续发射的Bolocam银河平面调查（BGPS）进行了研究。结果：在OH脉泽样品的23个源中，在~ 30'范围内发现了1.1mm的连续辐射。这些源被分为三组取决于最近的毫米峰从OH脉泽位置的偏移。OH，毫米和红外发射类型之间的关联已被证实为两个源。一般来说，红外天文台的位置与毫米峰的一致性要比与OH脉泽的一致性好，而且在10个源附近，红外天文台和OH脉泽的位置与同一毫米峰的一致性并不相同。结论：相对较大的位置不确定性不允许确定的结论，但它似乎是红外峰更接近毫米发射比OH脉泽。
The physical and chemical properties of cold and dense molecular clouds are key to understanding how stars form. Using the IRAM 30 m and NRO 45 m telescopes, we carried out a Multiwavelength line-Imaging survey of the 70 $μ$m dark and bright clOuds (MIAO). At a linear resolution of 0.1--0.5 pc, this work presents a detailed study of parsec-scale CO depletion and $\rm HCO^+$ deuterium (D-) fractionation toward four sources (G11.38+0.81, G15.22-0.43, G14.49-0.13, and G34.74-0.12) included in our full sample. In each source with $\rm T<20$ K and $n_{\rm H}\rm\sim10^4$--$\rm 10^5 cm^{-3}$, we comp…
We study ten molecular transitions obtained from an unbiased 3 mm molecular line survey using the IRAM 30 m telescope toward 409 compact dust clumps identified by the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) to understand photodissociation regions (PDRs) associated with the clumps. The main goal of this study is to investigate whether the abundances of the selected molecules show any variations resulting from the PDR chemistry in different clump environments. We selected HCO, HOC$^+$, C$_{2}$H, c-C$_{3}$H$_{2}$, CN, H$^{13}$CN, HC$^{15}$N, and HN$^{13}$C as PDR tracers, and H$…
The Star Formation Relation for Regions in the Galactic Plane: The Effect of Spatial Resolution
我们研究了分子气体面密度和恒星形成率面密度之间的关系，在一个11平方度的区域的银道面。来自Bolocam银河平面巡天的1.1毫米尘埃连续体和来自WISE全天巡天的22微米辐射分别被用作分子气体和恒星形成率的示踪剂，横跨银河经度31.5 > l > 20.5和银河纬度0.5 > b >-0.5。通过将图像卷积到更大的尺度，在从33弧秒到20弧分的分辨率范围内研究了这种关系。1.1毫米和22微米之间的像素与像素的相关性在小尺度下迅速增加，并在5 - 8弧分的尺度下趋于平稳。我们研究了恒星形成关系的基础上逐像素分析和1.1毫米和22微米的峰值分析。恒星形成关系被发现是近似线性的，在所有空间尺度上关系的形式都没有显着变化，并且位于Kennicutt（1998）的河外关系之上。平均天然气耗尽时间约为2亿年，在不同尺度下变化不大，但耗尽时间的离散度随着尺度的增大而减小。
We present a large-scale survey of the central molecular zone (CMZ) of our Galaxy, as well as a monitoring program of Sgr A*, with the AzTEC/Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) in the 1.1 mm continuum. Our 1.1 mm map covers the main body of the CMZ over a field of $1.6 \times 1.1$ deg$^2$ with an angular resolution of $10.5''$ and a depth of 15 mJy/beam. To account for the intensity loss due to the background removal process, we combine this map with lower resolution CSO/Bolocam and \textit{Planck}/HFI data to produce an effective full intensity 1.1 mm continuum map. With this map and existing \t…
