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arXiv 1104.3695astro-ph.GA
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建模CO排放:II。决定银河系分子云X因子的物理特征

Modeling CO Emission: II. The Physical Characteristics that Determine the X factor in Galactic Molecular Clouds

Rahul Shetty, Simon C. Glover, Cornelis P. Dullemond, Eve C. Ostriker, Andrew I. Harris, Ralf S. Klessen

摘要:

本文研究了模型分子云中气体的物理性质如何决定X因子,即H_2柱密度(NH_2)与速度积分CO强度(W)的比值。我们在化学MHD模型上进行辐射转移计算,计算X。利用NH 2和W的积分,可以重现观测中发现的X的有限范围,从而得到银河系MC模型的平均值X=2 \times 10^20 s/cm^2/K^1/km^1。然而,在有限的速度区间,由于CO线饱和,X可以呈现大得多的范围。因此,X强烈地依赖于气体速度和体积密度的范围。单个MC内的温度(T)变化不会强烈影响X,因为稠密气体对设定X的贡献最大。对于固定速度和密度的结构,具有较高T的气体具有较高的W,在T~20-100 K时产生X ~ T^-1/2。我们证明了线宽尺寸的比例关系不影响X因子-只有速度的范围是重要的。不管线宽与尺寸的关系如何,线宽较大的云具有较高的W,对应于较低的X值,其比例近似为X ~ sigma^-1/2。“雾”模式,包括光学厚的小云团,以及分离的速度,不准确地反映在湍流MC的条件。我们认为,观测到的云平均值X ~ XGal只是银河系MC中发现的NH 2、温度和速度的有限范围的结果-因此,X的恒定值不需要任何线宽-尺寸关系,或者MC是维里化的物体。由于气体的性质在不同的云之间可能会有(轻微的)不同,因此通过标准X得出的质量只能被认为是粗略的初步估计。对于温度T~10-20 K,速度频散~1-6 km/s,NH 2 ~2-20 \times 10^21 cm^-2,我们发现太阳金属丰度模型的云平均X ~ 2-4 \times 10^20 s/cm^2/K^1/km^1。

英文摘要:

We investigate how the X factor, the ratio of H_2 column density (NH2) to velocity-integrated CO intensity (W), is determined by the physical properties of gas in model molecular clouds (MCs). We perform radiative transfer calculations on chemical-MHD models to compute X. Using integrated NH2 and W reproduces the limited range in X found in observations, resulting in a mean value X=2\times10^20 s/cm^2/K^1/km^1 from the Galactic MC model. However, in limited velocity intervals, X can take on a much larger range due to CO line saturation. Thus, X strongly depends on both the range in gas velocities and volume densities. The temperature (T) variations within individual MCs do not strongly affect X, as dense gas contributes most to setting X. For fixed velocity and density structure, gas with higher T has higher W, yielding X ~ T^-1/2 for T~20-100 K. We demonstrate that the linewidth-size scaling relation does not influence the X factor - only the range in velocities is important. Clouds with larger linewidths, regardless of the linewidth-size relation, have a higher W, corresponding to a lower value of X, scaling roughly as X ~ sigma^-1/2. The "mist" model, consisting of optically thick cloudlets with well-separated velocities, does not accurately reflect the conditions in a turbulent MC. We propose that the observed cloud-average values of X ~ XGal is simply a result of the limited range in NH2, temperatures, and velocities found in Galactic MCs - a ~constant value of X therefore does not require any linewidth-size relation, or that MCs are virialized objects. Since gas properties likely differ (slightly) between clouds, masses derived through a standard X should only be considered as a rough first estimate. For temperatures T~10-20 K, velocity dispersions ~1-6 km/s, and NH2~2-20\times10^21 cm^-2, we find cloud-averaged X ~ 2-4\times10^20 s/cm^2/K^1/km^1 for Solar-metallicity models.

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