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arXiv 1104.0612hep-thgr-qc
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在视界之外丢失信息

Losing information outside the horizon

Samir D. Mathur

摘要:

假设我们允许一个系统从无穷远自由下落到黑洞视界附近(但不超过视界)的一点。我们注意到,在某种意义上,系统中的信息对于无穷远处的观察者来说已经丢失了。一旦系统太靠近视界,它就没有足够的能量将信息发送回去,因为携带信息的量子会红移到一个点,使它们与霍金辐射混淆。如果有人试图将下落的系统转向并将其带回无穷远进行观察,那么它将经历来自所需加速度的Unruh辐射。这种辐射会激发系统中携带信息的比特,从而降低信息的保真度。我们找到了信息以这种方式基本丢失的半径,注意到这个半径取决于系统的能隙(和耦合)。我们使用高度简并的量子引力理论(弦论)的BPS基态作为我们的信息存储设备来寻找一些普适性。对于这样的系统,我们发现到Unruh辐射视界的临界距离是黑洞半径和极值黑洞半径与BPS束缚态的量子数的几何平均值。总的来说,结果表明,引力理论中的信息不应被视为系统中包含的量,而应被视为另一个观察者可以获得多少信息。

英文摘要:

Suppose we allow a system to fall freely from infinity to a point near (but not beyond) the horizon of a black hole. We note that in a sense the information in the system is already lost to an observer at infinity. Once the system is too close to the horizon it does not have enough energy to send its information back because the information carrying quanta would get redshifted to a point where they get confused with Hawking radiation. If one attempts to turn the infalling system around and bring it back to infinity for observation then it will experience Unruh radiation from the required acceleration. This radiation can excite the bits in the system carrying the information, thus reducing the fidelity of this information. We find the radius where the information is essentially lost in this way, noting that this radius depends on the energy gap (and coupling) of the system. We look for some universality by using the highly degenerate BPS ground states of a quantum gravity theory (string theory) as our information storage device. For such systems one finds that the critical distance to the horizon set by Unruh radiation is the geometric mean of the black hole radius and the radius of the extremal hole with quantum numbers of the BPS bound state. Overall, the results suggest that information in gravity theories should be regarded not as a quantity contained in a system, but in terms of how much of this information is accessible to another observer.

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