Sakshi Gautam, Preeti Bansal
We study the effect of momentum-dependent interactions and a broader Gaussian on multifragmentation. We also look into the details of the fragment structure for a broader Gaussian and momentum-dependent interactions. We find that nucleons forming the fragments belong to same region of the phase space.
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The strong quadrupolar component of the Coulomb field between newly formed fission fragments can affect the internal energy of the fragments and their angular momentum. Previous estimates of these effects gave contradictory conclusions about their magnitude. Here we calculate them by solving the time-dependent Hamiltonian equation for the daughter $^{100}$Zr produced in the fission reaction n + $^{235}$U $\rightarrow$ $^{136}$Te + $^{100}$Zr. The Hamiltonian was constructed from the projected angular momentum eigenstates of an aligned deformed mean-field configuration. For typical initial cond…
We study the stability of fragments using microscopic binding energy criteria in heavy-ion collisions.
The role of momentum correlations is studied in the production of light and medium mass fragments by imposing momentum cut in clusterization the phase space. Our detailed investigation shows that momentum cut has major role to play in the emission of fragments.
The role of momentum correlations is studied in the properties of light and medium mass fragments by imposing momentum cut in clustering the phase space. Our detailed investigation shows that momentum cut has major role to play in the properties of fragments.
The complex fragments (or intermediate mass fragments) observed in the low-energy $^{58}$Ni+$^{58}$Ni$\to ^{116}$Ba$^*$ reaction, are studied within the dynamical cluster decay model for s-wave with the use of the temperature-dependent liquid drop, Coulomb and proximity energies. The important result is that, due to the temperature effects in liquid drop energy, the explicit preference for $α$-like fragments is washed out, though the $^{12}$C (or the complementary $^{104}$Sn) decay is still predicted to be one of the most probable $α$-nucleus decay for this reaction. The production rates for n…
Effect of momentum-dependent interactions and broader Gaussian is investigated on the emission of various fragments formed in a heavy-ion reaction. We also study the corresponding structure details of those fragments for broader Gaussian and momentum-dependent interactions. We find that nucleons forming the fragments belong to same region of the phase space
The nuclear stopping, the elliptic flow, and the HBT interferometry are calculated by the UrQMD transport model, in which potentials for "pre-formed" particles (string fragments) from color fluxtube fragmentation as well as for confined particles are considered. This description provides stronger pressure at the early stage and describes these observables better than the default cascade mode (where the "pre-formed" particles from string fragmentation are treated to be free-streaming). It should be stressed that the inclusion of potential interactions pushes down the calculated HBT radius $R_O$…
We aim to understand the role of NN cross-sections, equation of state as well as different model ingredients such as width of Gaussian, clusterisation range and different clusterisation algorithms in multifragmentation using quantum molecular dynamics model. We notice that all model ingredients have sizable effect on the fragment pattern.
The role of momentum correlations in fragmentation is studied within the framework of quantum molecular dynamics model. Our study is carried out by imposing momentum cut in the clusterization algorithm. The study reveals a strong effect of momentum cut in the fragmentation pattern. A comparison with experimental data is also presented. Our theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental data.
Momentum distribution of fragments produced in 12C+12C reaction at 28.7 MeV/nucleon is analyzed with antisymmetrized version of molecular dynamics (AMD). Calculations are made for several cases of stochastic collisions and the projectile fragmentation peak in momentum distribution is reproduced by the incorporation of many-body nature in stochastic collision process. Furthermore the value of the cross section is found to be reflected in the low momentum part of fragments such as alpha particles and 9Be.
Quantum Molecular Dynamics models (QMD) are Monte Carlo approaches targeted at the description of nucleon-ion and ion-ion collisions. We have developed a QMD code, which has been used for the simulation of the fast stage of ion-ion collisions, considering a wide range of system masses and system mass asymmetries. The slow stage of the collisions has been described by statistical methods. The combination of both stages leads to final distributions of particles and fragments, which have been compared to experimental data available in literature. A few results of these comparisons, concerning neu…
We investigate the thermodynamical properties of nuclear matter in heavy ion collisions, in particular with respect to questions of thermodynamical instability, phase transitions and fragmentation. For this we analyze results of relativistic transport calculations of Au+Au collisons at intermediate energies, separately for spectator and participant matter. On one hand, we determine local thermodynamical variables from the analysis of the local momentum distribution; on the other, we analyze fragment energy spectra in a blast model scenario. We find that the spectator represents an instable, eq…
Heavy ion collisions at extremely high energy, such as the top energy at RHIC, exhibit the property of transparency where there is a clear separation between the almost net-baryon-free central rapidity region and the net-baryon-rich fragmentation region. We calculate the net-baryon rapidity loss and the nuclear excitation energy using the energy-momentum tensor obtained from the McLerran-Venugopalan model. Nuclear compression during the collision is further estimated using a simple space-time picture. The results show that extremely high baryon densities, about twenty times larger than the nor…
Rise-Plateau Caloric curves for different Heavy Ion collisions have been obtained, in the range of experimental observations. Limit temperature decreases when the residual size is increased, in agreement with recent theoretical analysis of experimental results reported by other Collaborations. Besides, promptly emitted particles influence on temperature plateau is shown. LATINO binary interaction semiclassical model is used to reproduce the inter-nucleonic forces via Pandharipande Potential and fragments are detected with an Early Cluster Recognition Algorithm.
We study the formation of fragments by extending the minimum spanning tree method (MST) for clusterization. In this extension, each fragment is subjected to a binding-energy check calculated using the modified Bethe-Weizsacker formula. Earlier, a constant binding-energy cut of 4 MeV/nucleon was imposed. Our results for 197Au +197 Au collisions are compared with ALADiN data and also with the calculations based on the simulated annealing technique. We shall show that the present modified version improves the agreement compared to the MST method.
We analyze the thermodynamical state of nuclear matter in transport calculations of heavy--ion reactions. In particular we determine temperatures and radial flow parameters from an analysis of fragment energy spectra and compare to local microscopic temperatures obtained from an analysis of local momentum space distributions. The analysis shows that the spectator reaches an equilibrated freeze-out configuration which undergoes simultaneous fragmentation. The fragments from the participant region, on the other hand, do not seem to come from a common fragmenting source, but rather heavier fragme…
We introduce isospin dependence in the cluster recognition algorithms used in the Quantum Molecular Dynamics model to describe fragment formation in heavy ion collisions. This change reduces the yields of emitted nucleons and enhances the yields of fragments, especially heavier fragments. The enhancement of neutron-rich lighter fragments mainly occurs at mid-rapidity. Consequently, isospin dependent observables, such as isotope distributions, yield ratios of $n/p$, $t/^3He$, and isoscaling parameters are affected. We also investigate how equilibration in heavy ion collisions is affected by thi…
At the LHC, the leading partons in the nuclei are expected to interact with the maximal possible strength - black disk limit - up to transverse momenta of the order of few GeV. We demonstrate that in this limit the densities of the quark - gluon systems produced in the central AA collisions in the nucleus fragmentation regions should exceed 300 GeV/fm^3 which is at least as high as the densities discussed for the central region. Experimental signatures of such a regime are also discussed.
We show that hadron production in relativistic heavy ion collisions at transverse momenta larger than 2 GeV/c can be explained by the competition of two different hadronization mechanisms. Above 5 GeV/c hadron production can be described by fragmentation of partons that are created perturbatively. Below 5 GeV/c recombination of partons from the dense and hot fireball dominates. This can explain some of the surprising features of RHIC data like the constant baryon-to-meson ratio of about one and the small nuclear suppression for baryons between 2 to 4 GeV/c.
We studied the influence of a momentum dependent interaction in the context of isopspin effects on fragmentation and dissipation in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions by using an isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics model. It is shown that the nuclear stopping, the number of nucleons emitted ,and the multiplicity of intermediate mass fragments are larger with a momentum dependent interaction than without. In particular, the differences for these observables, when using an isospin dependent in-medium nucleon nucleon cross section versus an isospin independent one, are also larger …
The correlations between the shape of rapidity distribution of the yield of light charged particles and the fragmentation modes in semi-peripheral collisions for $^{70}$Zn+$^{70}$Zn, $^{64}$Zn+$^{64}$Zn and $^{64}$Ni+$^{64}$Ni at the beam energy of 35MeV/nucleon are investigated based on ImQMD05 code. Our studies show there is an interplay between the binary, ternary and multi-fragmentation break-up modes. The binary and ternary break-up modes more prefer to emit light charged particles at middle rapidity and give larger values of $R_{yield}^{mid}$ compared with the multi-fragmentation break-u…
The collective flow of nucleons and that of fragments in the 12C + 12C reaction below 150 MeV/nucleon are calculated with the antisymmetrized version of molecular dynamics combined with the statistical decay calculation. Density dependent Gogny force is used as the effective interaction. The calculated balance energy is about 100 MeV/nucleon, which is close to the observed value. Below the balance energy, the absolute value of the fragment flow is larger than that of nucleon flow, which is also in accordance with data. The dependence of the flow on the stochastic collision cross section and it…
The decay of $^{56}Ni^*$, formed in $^{32}S+^{24}Mg$ reaction at the incident energies $E_{cm}$=51.6 and 60.5 MeV, is calculated as a cluster decay process within the Preformed Cluster-decay Model (PCM) of Gupta et al. re-formulated for hot compound systems. The observed deformed shapes of the exit channel fragments are simulated by introducing the neck-length parameter at the scission configuration, which nearly coincides the $^{56}Ni$ saddle configuration. This is the only parameter of the model, which though is also defined in terms of the binding energy of the hot compound system and the g…
To explore the roles of dynamical model and statistical model in the description of multifragmentation in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies, the fragments charge distributions of $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au at 35 MeV/u are analyzed by using the hybrid model of improved quantum molecular dynamics (ImQMD) model plus the statistical model GEMINI. We find that, the ImQMD model can well describe the charge distributions of fragments produced in central and semi-central collisions. But for the peripheral collisions of Au+Au at 35 MeV/u, the statistical model is required at the end of the ImQMD…
A new code, based on the Quantum Molecular Dynamics theoretical approach, has been developed and interfaced to the FLUKA evaporation/fission/Fermi break-up module. At present, this code is undergoing a series of validation tests. In this paper its predictions are compared to measured charged fragment yields and double differential neutron spectra in thin target heavy-ion reactions, at bombarding energies of about 100 MeV/A. The comparisons with the predictions of a modified version of RQMD 2.4 originally developed in Frankfurt, already available in the FLUKA code, are presented and potential i…
Fragmentation of light charged particles is studied for various systems at different incident energies between 50 and 1000 MeV/nucleon. We analyze fragment production at incident energies above, below and at transition energies using the isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics(IQMD) model. The trends observed for the fragment production and rapidity distributions depend upon the incident energy, size of the fragments, composite mass of the reacting system as well as on the impact parameter of the reaction. The free nucleons and light charged particles show continous homogeneous changes ir…
The degree of isospin fractionation is measured by $(N/Z)_{n}$ / $(N/Z)_{N_{imf}}$, where $(N/Z)_{n}$ and $(N/Z)_{N_{imf}}$ are the saturated neutron-proton ratio of nucleon emissions (gas phase) and that of fragment emissions (liquid phase) in heavy ion collision at intermediate energy . The calculated results by using the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model show that the degree of isospin fractionation is sensitive to the neutron-proton ratio of colliding system but insensitive to the difference between the neutron-proton ratio of target and that of projectile. In particular, …
In high energy heavy-ion collisions, the two colliding nuclei pass through each other leaving behind an almost baryon free central rapidity region. Most of the baryons are carried away by the nuclear remnants and are located in the so-called fragmentation regions. In previous papers \cite{Li:2016wzh,Li:2018ini}, it has been argued that very high baryon densities, more than ten times larger than the normal nuclear density, can be achieved in these fragmentation regions. In this paper, we assume the high baryon density matter is thermalized at the same time as the baryon-free quark-gluon plasma …
We perform a systematic study of the fragmentation path of excited nuclear matter in central heavy ion collisions at the intermediate energy of $0.4 AGeV$. The theoretical calculations are based on a Relativistic Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck ($RBUU$) transport equation including stochastic effects. A Relativistic Mean Field ($RMF$) approach is used, based on a non-linear Lagrangian, with coupling constants tuned to reproduce the high density results of calculations with correlations. At variance with the case at Fermi energies, a new fast clusterization mechanism is revealed in the early compre…
For central collisions of $^{40}$Ca $+ ^{40}$Ca at 35 MeV/nucleon, the density and temperature of a fragmenting source have been evaluated in a self-consistent manner using the ratio of the symmetry energy coefficient relative to the temperature, $a_{sym}/T$, extracted from the yields of primary isotopes produced in antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) simulations. The $a_{sym}/T$ values are extracted from all isotope yields using an improved method based on the Modified Fisher Model (MFM). The values of $a_{sym}/T$ obtained, using different interactions with different density dependencies…
The formation of hypernuclei in hadron-induced reactions and in heavy-ion collisions within a combination of a covariant transport model and a statistical fragmentation approach is investigated. We study the applicability and limitations of such a hybrid approach by comparing fragmentation data in heavy-ion collisions and proton induced reactions. It turns out that the combined approach describes fairly well multiplicities and momentum spectra of fragments. We thus extend the model by including strangeness degrees of freedom in the fragmentation process, modeled by a phase-space coalescence me…
We study the production of hadrons in Au+Au collisions in the region $0.6<x_F<1.2$, which we refer to as the trans-fragmentation region (TFR), since it corresponds roughly to $η'>0$, where $η'=η-y_{\rm beam}$, depending on $p_T$. We show how hadrons can be produced in that region when the hadronization process is parton recombination. The inclusive $x$-distributions for proton and pion production are calculated with momentum degradation taken into account. The results show that the proton yield is significantly higher than that of the pions in the TFR. Without particle identification the exist…
The dynamics of exotic hypernuclei in heavy-ion collisions has been investigated thoroughly with a microscopic transport model. All possible channels on hyperon ($Λ$, $Σ$ and $Ξ$) production near threshold energies are implemented in the transport model. The light complex fragments (Z$\leq$2) are constructed with the Wigner-function method. The classical phase-space coalescence is used for recognizing heavy nuclear and hyperfragments and the statistical model is taken for describing the decay process. The nuclear fragmentation reactions of the available experimental data from the ALADIN collab…
We simulate the central reactions of $^{20}$Ne+$^{20}$Ne, $^{40}$Ar+$^{45}$Sc, $^{58}$Ni+$^{58}$Ni, $^{86}$Kr+$^{93}$Nb, $^{129}$Xe+$^{118}$Sn, $^{86}$Kr+$^{197}$Au and $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au at different incident energies for different equations of state (EOS), binary cross sections and different widths of Gaussians. A rise and fall behaviour of the multiplicity of intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) is observed. The system size dependence of peak center-of-mass energy E$_{c.m.} ^{max}$ and peak IMF multiplicity $<$N$_{IMF}>^{max}$ is also studied, where it is observed that E$_{c.m.}^{max}$ fol…
Within the framework of the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics (LQMD) transport model, the isospin effect in peripheral heavy-ion collisions has been investigated thoroughly. A coalescence approach is used for recognizing the primary fragments formed in nucleus-nucleus collisions. The secondary decay process of the fragments is described by the statistical code, GEMINI. Production mechanism and isospin effect of the projectile-like and target-like fragments are analyzed with the combined approach. It is found that the isospin migration from the high-isospin density to the low-density matter ta…
We argue that the emission of hadrons with transverse momentum up to about 5 GeV/c in central relativistic heavy ion collisions is dominated by recombination, rather than fragmentation of partons. This mechanism provides a natural explanation for the observed constant baryon-to-meson ratio of about one and the apparent lack of a nuclear suppression of the baryon yield in this momentum range. Fragmentation becomes dominant at higher transverse momentum, but the transition point is delayed by the energy loss of fast partons in dense matter.
We discuss limiting fragmentation within a few currently popular phenomenological models. We show that popular Glauber-inspired models of particle production in heavy ion collisions, such as the two-component model, generally fail to reproduce limiting fragmentation when all energies and system sizes experimentally available are considered. This is due to the energy-dependence of number of participants and number of collisions. We quantify this violation in terms of the model parameters. We also make the same calculation within a Color Glass Condensate scenario and show that the dependence of …
We propose a model that provides a unified description of nuclear equation of state and fragmentations. The equation of state is evaluated in Bragg-Williams as well as in Bethe-Peierls approximations and compared with that in the mean field theory with Skyrme interactions. The model shows a liquid-gas type phase transition. The nuclear fragment distributions are studied for different densities at finite temperatures. Power law behavior for fragments is observed at critical point. The study of fragment distribution and the second moment $S_2$ shows that the thermal critical point coincides with…
We study the fragmentation function of jets propagating through a dense quark-gluon plasma within perturbative QCD. Our results for its nuclear modification factor are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC. In particular, we reproduce the enhancements seen in the data at both relatively soft and relatively large transverse momenta, with clear physical interpretations. The perturbative predictions however are quite sensitive to the value of the infrared cutoff mimicking the confinement scale, due to the fact that the fragmentation function is not an …
Based on a multi-phase transport model, the measured jet fragmentation function ratio of Pb+Pb collisions to p+p collisions in CERN Large Hadron Collider experiments is decomposed into two parts, corresponding to the two contributions of jet hadronization from fragmentation and coalescence. The results suggest an existence of distinct competitions between two jet hadronization mechanisms for different $ξ$=ln(1/$z$) ranges in different centrality bins. The jet fragmentation functions for different types of hadrons (mesons and baryons) are proposed as a good probe to study the competition betwee…
A model in which a projectile like fragment can be simply regarded as a remnant after removal of some part of the projectile leads to an excited fragment. This excitation energy can be calculated with a Hamiltonian that gives correct nuclear matter binding, compressibility and density distribution in finite nuclei. In heavy ion collisions the model produces a dependence of excitation energy on impact parameter which appears to be correct but the magnitude of the excitation energy falls short. It is argued that dynamic effects left out in the model will increase this magnitude. The model can be…
In ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, charm quark fragmentation is modified due to the melting of strings inside the high density partonic matter. D mesons produced in hadronization can further produce J/psi particles. Using a multiphase transport model, we investigate the effect on the rapidity distribution of the produced J/psi particles with two different charm quark fragmentation functions. It is shown that the J/psi rapidity distribution is sensitive to the nuclear modification of charm quark fragmentation and thus is a good indicator of the onset of string melting and the production…
The Shannon information-entropy uncertainty (in brief as "information uncertainty") is used to analyze the fragments in the measured 140$A$ MeV $^{40, 48}$Ca + $^{9}$Be and $^{58, 64}$Ni + $^{9}$Be reactions. A scaling phenomenon is found in the information-uncertainty difference of fragments between the reactions. The scaling phenomenon is explained in a manner of canonical ensemble theory, and is reproduced in the simulated reactions by the antisymmetric molecular dynamics (AMD) and AMD + GEMINI models. The probes based on information uncertainty, requiring no equilibrium state of reaction, …
Vorticity generated in heavy-ion collisions at energy of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 39 GeV is studied. Simulations are performed within a model of the three-fluid dynamics. A peculiar structure consisting of two vortex rings is found: one ring in the target fragmentation region and another one in the projectile fragmentation region. These rings are also formed in central collisions. The matter rotation is opposite in this two rings. These vortex rings are already formed at the early stage of the collision together with primordial fragmentation regions. The average vorticity, responsible for the global p…
A review is given on the studies of formation of light clusters and heavier fragments in heavy-ion collisions at incident energies from several tens of MeV/nucleon to several hundred MeV/nucleon, focusing on dynamical aspects and on microscopic theoretical descriptions. Existing experimental data already clarify basic characteristics of expanding and fragmenting systems typically in central collisions, where cluster correlations cannot be ignored. Cluster correlations appear almost everywhere in excited low-density nuclear many-body systems and nuclear matter in statistical equilibrium where t…
We discuss the scaling laws of both the charged fragments multiplicity fluctuations and the charge of the largest fragment fluctuations for Xe+Sn collisions in the range of bombarding energies between 25 MeV/A and 50 MeV/A. We show close to E_{lab}=32 MeV/A the transition in the fluctuation regime of the charge of the largest fragment which is compatible with the transition from the ordered to disordered phase of excited nuclear matter. The size (charge) of the largest fragment is closely related to the order parameter characterizing this process.
Based on a multiphase transport model, medium modifications of prompt photon-tagged jet fragmentation function are investigated by comparing prompt photon-tagged hadron azimuthal correlation in Au+Au collisions (0-40\%) with that in p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 200 GeV. The measured modification factor, $I_{AA}$, increases with the increasing integration range of the away side, which reveals a medium-modified jet shape in which the medium enhancement of soft particles is preferentially located far away from the jet axis. The $I_{AA}$ largely results from strong interactions betwe…
Recent LHC results indicate a suppression of jet fragmentation functions in Pb-Pb collisions at intermediate values of $ξ=\ln(1/z)$. This seems to contradict the picture of energy loss based on the induced QCD radiation that is expected to lead to the enhancement of in-medium fragmentation functions. We use an effective 1+1 dimensional quasi-Abelian model to describe the dynamical modification of jet fragmentation in the medium. We find that this approach describes the data, and argue that there is no contradiction between the LHC results and the picture of QCD radiation induced by the in-medi…
We show that with a realistic treatment of spectator momentum distributions the RHIC detector trigger sensitivity is high even when RHIC is run below injection energies. In particular, a problem region with $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=10 to 60 or 80 GeV assuming a simple Fermi step model is not found when using a more realistic one. We argue also that production of fast nucleons (with momenta $> p_F$ in the nucleus rest frame) provides complementary information about the collision process.
Dilepton production associated with minijets is calculated in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions using the first order approximation of the dilepton fragmentation functions of quarks and gluons. The full QCD evolution of the fragmentation functions is also studied. We find that the dilepton pairs from the fragmentation of minijets are comparable to direct Drell-Yan at $\sqrt{s}=200$ AGeV for small dilepton invariant mass $M\sim$ 1-2 GeV/c$^2$ while dominant over a large range of mass at $\sqrt{s}=6400$ AGeV.
A hybrid model for multi-particle production and multi-fragment emission in electron-nucleus collisions at the forthcoming Electron-Ion Collider
本文提出基于多源热力学模型和理想气体模型的混合模型，预测EIC中电子-核碰撞的多粒子产生与多碎片发射，揭示了散射与碎裂过程不同的双源机制。
This paper presents our recent efforts to study the momentum distributions as well as the production of neutron-rich rare isotopes with heavy-ion beams in the energy region of 15 MeV/nucleon. Experimental cross sections of neutron-rich nuclides from collisions of a 86 Kr (15 MeV/nucleon) beam with 64 Ni and 58 Ni targets are presented. Experimental data were obtained from the previous work of our group with the MARS mass spectrometer at the Cyclotron Institute of Texas A&M University. On that note, detailed calculations of yields and momentum distributions of neutron-rich projectile-like fragm…
\item[Background] Temperature is an important parameter in studying many important questions in heavy-ion collisions. A thermometer based on the isobaric yield ratio (IYR) has been proposed [Ma \textit{et al.}, Phys. Rev. C \textbf{86}, 054611 (2012) and Ma \textit{et al.}, \textit{ibid.}, Phys. Rev. C \textbf{88}, 014609 (2013)]. \item[Purpose] An improved thermometer ($T_{IB}$) is proposed based on the difference between IYRs. $T_{IB}$ obtained from isobars in different reactions will be compared. \item[Methods] The yields of three isobars are employed in $T_{IB}$. The residual free energy o…
Heavy-Flavor Fragmentation and Jet Structure from HF-NRevo: Bridging to Heavy-Ion Collisions
HF-NRevo框架通过NLO NRQCD和DGLAP演化构建NRFF1.0碎裂函数，为重离子碰撞中重味碎裂的介质修正、喷注淬灭和夸克偶素再生提供基准模型。
We discuss hadron production in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. We argue that hadrons at transverse momenta P_T < 5 GeV are formed by recombination of partons from the dense parton phase created in central collisions at RHIC. We provide a theoretical description of the recombination process for P_T > 2 GeV. Below P_T = 2 GeV our results smoothly match a purely statistical description. At high transverse momentum hadron production is well described in the language of perturbative QCD by the fragmentation of partons. We give numerical results for a variety of hadron spectra, ratios and nuclear sup…
A transport model is developed to describe hadron emission from a strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The quark-gluon plasma is controlled by ideal hydrodynamics, and the hadron motion is characterized by a transport equation with loss and gain terms. The two sets of equations are coupled to each other, and the hadronization hypersurface is determined by both the hydrodynamic evolution and the hadron emission. The model is applied to calculate the transverse momentum distributions of mesons and baryons, and most of the results agree well with the ex…
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