We present a spectro-astrometric survey of molecular gas in the inner regions of 16 protoplanetary disks using CRIRES, the high resolution infrared imaging spectrometer on the Very Large Telescope. Spectro-astrometry with CRIRES measures the spatial extent of line emission to sub-milliarcsecond precision, or <0.2 AU at the distance of the observed targets. The sample consists of gas-rich disks surrounding stars with spectral types ranging from K to A. The properties of the spectro-astrometric signals divide the sources into two distinct phenomenological classes: one that shows clear Keplerian astrometric spectra, and one in which the astrometric signatures are dominated by gas with strong non-Keplerian (radial) motions. Similarly to the near-infrared continuum emission, as determined by interferometry, we find that the size of the CO line emitting region in the Keplerian sources obeys a size-luminosity relation as $R_CO L_*^0.5. The non-Keplerian spectro-astrometric signatures are likely indicative of the presence of wide-angle disk winds. The central feature of the winds is a strong sub-Keplerian velocity field due to conservation of angular momentum as the wind pressure drives the gas outwards. We construct a parametrized 2-dimensional disk+wind model that reproduces the observed characteristics the observed CO spectra and astrometry. The modeled winds indicate mass-loss rates of >10^-10 to 10^-8 Msol/yr. We suggest a unifying model in which all disks have slow molecular winds, but where the magnitude of the mass-loss rate determines the degree to which the mid-infrared molecular lines are dominated by the wind relative to the Keplerian disk surface.
VLT/CRIRES+ observations of warm Neptune WASP-107 b: Challenges in detecting molecules with ground-based transmission spectroscopy of cooler and cloudy exoplanets
Uppsala University（乌普萨拉大学）；Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile（智利天主教 Pontificia 大学）；Georg-August-Universität（格奥尔格-奥古斯特大学）；Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP)（波茨坦阿诺德·爱因斯坦天体物理研究所 (AIP)）；Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München（慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学）；Namzitu Astro（Namzitu 天文台）
Atmospheric characterization of HIP 67522 b with VLT/CRIRES+. VLT/CRIRES+ suggests a heavier planet and hints at deuterium fractionation
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5277（天体物理学与行星学研究所，图卢兹大学）；Department of Physics, University of Oxford（牛津大学物理系）；LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité（巴黎天文台，巴黎文理研究大学）；Laboratoire Lagrange, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur（蔚蓝海岸大学拉格朗日实验室）；Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（西班牙国家航空航天技术研究所/西班牙国家科学研究委员会天体生物学中心）；Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛史密森尼天体物理中心）
Unraveling the Mystery of the Peculiar and Young Hot Jupiter CoRoT-2b II: Phase Resolved Emission Spectroscopy with VLT/CRIRES+ and Gemini-S/IGRINS
University of Warwick（华威大学）；Université de Montréal（蒙特利尔大学）；Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP)（天体物理学与行星学研究所在）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC)（安达卢西亚天体物理研究所）；Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan（密歇根大学天文学系）
Mass determination of the ultra-short-period planet LHS 3844 b. First K-band radial velocity measurements with CRIRES+
Universität Göttingen（哥廷根大学）；Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg（图林根州陶滕堡天文台）；Uppsala University（乌普萨拉大学）；Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile（智利天主教公立大学）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）
Exploring the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-178b. Constraints on atmospheric chemistry and dynamics from a joint retrieval of VLT/CRIRES$^+$ and space photometric data
Exploring the ultrahot Neptune LTT 9779 b with CRIRES+. Non-detection of helium transmission spectra and detection of H$_2$O on the dayside
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Georg-August-Universität Göttingen（哥廷根大学）；Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München（慕尼黑大学）；Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP)（波茨坦阿诺德·爱因斯坦天文研究所）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC)（安达卢西亚天体物理学研究所）；Uppsala universitet（乌普萨拉大学）；Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg（图林根州立陶滕堡天文台）
利用 CRIRES+ 对超热海王星 LTT 9779 b 进行凌星和白天侧光谱观测，未探测到氦吸收（上限 0.45%），但探测到 H2O 信号（4.8σ），联合反演表明低水丰度且无热反转，旋转速度与同步自转一致。
51 Peg b revisited with VLT/CRIRES+. Constraints on atmospheric thermal structure, chemical composition, and an alternative orbital solution
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München（慕尼黑大学）；Exzellenzcluster Origins（起源卓越集群）；Georg-August-Universität Göttingen（哥廷根大学）；Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP)（波茨坦阿基米德天体物理研究所）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
The CRIMSON survey I: super-stellar SiO in the directly imaged companion TWA 5 B from high-resolution M-band spectroscopy
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）；Université Côte d’Azur（蔚蓝海岸大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Laboratoire Lagrange（拉格朗日实验室）；University of Birmingham（伯明翰大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；Università degli Studi di Torino（都灵大学）；INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino（意大利国家天体物理研究所都灵天文台）
