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arXiv 2610.07202astro-ph.EP

探索超热海王星 LTT 9779 b 的 CRIRES+ 观测:氦透射光谱的未探测与白天侧 H$_2$O 的探测

Exploring the ultrahot Neptune LTT 9779 b with CRIRES+. Non-detection of helium transmission spectra and detection of H$_2$O on the dayside

S. Liu, F. Yan, L. Nortmann, B. Guo, D. Cont, F. Lesjak, D. Shulyak, A. Reiners, N. Piskunov, A. P. Hatzes, U. Seemann, A. Lavail, A. D. Rains, H. L. Ruh, L. Bo… 展开作者

S. Liu, F. Yan, L. Nortmann, B. Guo, D. Cont, F. Lesjak, D. Shulyak, A. Reiners, N. Piskunov, A. P. Hatzes, U. Seemann, A. Lavail, A. D. Rains, H. L. Ruh, L. Boldt-Christmas, M. Rengel, O. Kochukhov, T. Marquart

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中文总结 AI 辅助

利用 CRIRES+ 对超热海王星 LTT 9779 b 进行凌星和白天侧光谱观测,未探测到氦吸收(上限 0.45%),但探测到 H2O 信号(4.8σ),联合反演表明低水丰度且无热反转,旋转速度与同步自转一致。

中文摘要 AI 辅助

超热海王星处于热海王星沙漠中最极端的辐照区域,由于其较低的行星与恒星通量比,它们仍然是大气表征的挑战性目标。我们展示了利用 CRIRES$^+$ 获得的超热海王星 LTT 9779 b 的高分辨率凌星和白天侧热发射光谱,以探测大气逃逸和白天侧分子发射。在凌星期间,亚稳态 He I $\lambda 1083$ nm 三重线中未检测到显著吸收,得到的过量氦吸收深度的 $3\sigma$ 上限为 0.45%,支持了先前未探测的结果,表明当前大气逃逸较弱。对于 $K$ 波段的白天侧发射光谱,我们的互相关分析揭示了 H$_2$O 吸收信号和一个暂定的 CO 特征,合并信号的探测显著性达到 $4.8\sigma$。CRIRES$^+$ 和先前的 JWST 数据都支持非反转的温度结构,没有提供行星白天侧热反转的证据。我们进一步进行了联合大气反演,将 CRIRES$^+$ 高分辨率光谱与 JWST/NIRISS SOSS 二次食观测相结合。联合反演得出较低的 H$_2$O 丰度,而 CO 丰度仍受到弱约束。推断的行星赤道旋转速度 $v_{\rm eq}=4.9^{+4.4}_{-3.0}~\mathrm{km\\\\,s^{-1}}$ 与潮汐锁定行星预期的同步旋转速度($\sim2.8~\mathrm{km\\\\,s^{-1}}$)在 $1\sigma$ 内一致。然而,较大的不确定性使我们无法对行星的旋转状态施加强约束。未来具有更广轨道相位覆盖和更高信噪比的相位分辨 CRIRES$^+$ 观测将改善丰度约束并探测这颗罕见超热海王星的大气动力学。

英文摘要

Ultrahot Neptunes reside in the most extreme irradiation regime of the hot Neptune desert and remain challenging targets for atmospheric characterization because of their low planet-to-star flux ratios. We present high-resolution transit and dayside thermal emission spectroscopy of the ultrahot Neptune LTT 9779 b obtained with CRIRES$^+$, to probe atmospheric escape and dayside molecular emission. No significant absorption is detected in the metastable He I $λ1083$ nm triplet during transit, yielding a $3σ$ upper limit of 0.45% on the excess helium absorption depth and supporting previous non-detections that suggest weak ongoing atmospheric escape. For the dayside emission spectra in the $K$ band, our cross-correlation analysis reveals an $\mathrm{H_2O}$ absorption signal and a tentative $\mathrm{CO}$ feature, with the combined signal reaching a detection significance of $4.8σ$. Both the CRIRES$^+$ and previous JWST data favor a non-inverted temperature structure, providing no evidence of a thermal inversion on the planetary dayside. We further perform a joint atmospheric retrieval combining the CRIRES$^+$ high-resolution spectra with JWST/NIRISS SOSS secondary-eclipse observations. The joint retrieval yields a low $\mathrm{H_2O}$ abundance, while the $\mathrm{CO}$ abundance remains weakly constrained. The inferred planetary equatorial rotational velocity, $v_{\rm eq}=4.9^{+4.4}_{-3.0}~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$, is consistent within $1σ$ with the synchronous rotation velocity expected for a tidally locked planet ($\sim2.8~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$). However, the large uncertainties prevent us from placing strong constraints on the planet's rotation state. Future phase-resolved CRIRES$^+$ observations with broader orbital-phase coverage and higher signal-to-noise ratios would improve the abundance constraints and probe the atmospheric dynamics of this rare ultrahot Neptune.

发表机构

  • University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学)
  • Georg-August-Universität Göttingen(哥廷根大学)
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München(慕尼黑大学)
  • Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP)(波茨坦阿诺德·爱因斯坦天文研究所)
  • Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC)(安达卢西亚天体物理学研究所)
  • Uppsala universitet(乌普萨拉大学)
  • Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg(图林根州立陶滕堡天文台)

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