探索超热海王星 LTT 9779 b 的 CRIRES+ 观测:氦透射光谱的未探测与白天侧 H$_2$O 的探测
Exploring the ultrahot Neptune LTT 9779 b with CRIRES+. Non-detection of helium transmission spectra and detection of H$_2$O on the dayside
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中文总结 AI 辅助
利用 CRIRES+ 对超热海王星 LTT 9779 b 进行凌星和白天侧光谱观测,未探测到氦吸收(上限 0.45%),但探测到 H2O 信号(4.8σ),联合反演表明低水丰度且无热反转,旋转速度与同步自转一致。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
超热海王星处于热海王星沙漠中最极端的辐照区域,由于其较低的行星与恒星通量比,它们仍然是大气表征的挑战性目标。我们展示了利用 CRIRES$^+$ 获得的超热海王星 LTT 9779 b 的高分辨率凌星和白天侧热发射光谱,以探测大气逃逸和白天侧分子发射。在凌星期间,亚稳态 He I $\lambda 1083$ nm 三重线中未检测到显著吸收,得到的过量氦吸收深度的 $3\sigma$ 上限为 0.45%,支持了先前未探测的结果,表明当前大气逃逸较弱。对于 $K$ 波段的白天侧发射光谱,我们的互相关分析揭示了 H$_2$O 吸收信号和一个暂定的 CO 特征,合并信号的探测显著性达到 $4.8\sigma$。CRIRES$^+$ 和先前的 JWST 数据都支持非反转的温度结构,没有提供行星白天侧热反转的证据。我们进一步进行了联合大气反演,将 CRIRES$^+$ 高分辨率光谱与 JWST/NIRISS SOSS 二次食观测相结合。联合反演得出较低的 H$_2$O 丰度,而 CO 丰度仍受到弱约束。推断的行星赤道旋转速度 $v_{\rm eq}=4.9^{+4.4}_{-3.0}~\mathrm{km\\\\,s^{-1}}$ 与潮汐锁定行星预期的同步旋转速度($\sim2.8~\mathrm{km\\\\,s^{-1}}$)在 $1\sigma$ 内一致。然而,较大的不确定性使我们无法对行星的旋转状态施加强约束。未来具有更广轨道相位覆盖和更高信噪比的相位分辨 CRIRES$^+$ 观测将改善丰度约束并探测这颗罕见超热海王星的大气动力学。
英文摘要
Ultrahot Neptunes reside in the most extreme irradiation regime of the hot Neptune desert and remain challenging targets for atmospheric characterization because of their low planet-to-star flux ratios. We present high-resolution transit and dayside thermal emission spectroscopy of the ultrahot Neptune LTT 9779 b obtained with CRIRES$^+$, to probe atmospheric escape and dayside molecular emission. No significant absorption is detected in the metastable He I $λ1083$ nm triplet during transit, yielding a $3σ$ upper limit of 0.45% on the excess helium absorption depth and supporting previous non-detections that suggest weak ongoing atmospheric escape. For the dayside emission spectra in the $K$ band, our cross-correlation analysis reveals an $\mathrm{H_2O}$ absorption signal and a tentative $\mathrm{CO}$ feature, with the combined signal reaching a detection significance of $4.8σ$. Both the CRIRES$^+$ and previous JWST data favor a non-inverted temperature structure, providing no evidence of a thermal inversion on the planetary dayside. We further perform a joint atmospheric retrieval combining the CRIRES$^+$ high-resolution spectra with JWST/NIRISS SOSS secondary-eclipse observations. The joint retrieval yields a low $\mathrm{H_2O}$ abundance, while the $\mathrm{CO}$ abundance remains weakly constrained. The inferred planetary equatorial rotational velocity, $v_{\rm eq}=4.9^{+4.4}_{-3.0}~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$, is consistent within $1σ$ with the synchronous rotation velocity expected for a tidally locked planet ($\sim2.8~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$). However, the large uncertainties prevent us from placing strong constraints on the planet's rotation state. Future phase-resolved CRIRES$^+$ observations with broader orbital-phase coverage and higher signal-to-noise ratios would improve the abundance constraints and probe the atmospheric dynamics of this rare ultrahot Neptune.
发表机构
- University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学)
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen(哥廷根大学)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München(慕尼黑大学)
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP)(波茨坦阿诺德·爱因斯坦天文研究所)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC)(安达卢西亚天体物理学研究所)
- Uppsala universitet(乌普萨拉大学)
- Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg(图林根州立陶滕堡天文台)
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