The flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 underwent an extraordinary 5-day gamma-ray outburst in November 2010 where the daily flux measured with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) at photon energies E>100 MeV reached (66+/-2) x 10^-6 ph cm^-2 s^-1. This is a factor of 3 higher than its previous maximum flux recorded in December 2009 and ~5 times brighter than the Vela pulsar, which is normally the brightest source in the gamma-ray sky. The 3-hr peak flux was (85+/-5) x 10^-6 ph cm^-2 s^-1, corresponding to an apparent isotropic luminosity of 2.1+/-0.2 10^50 erg s^-1, the highest ever recorded for a blazar. In this paper, we investigate the features of this exceptional event in the gamma-ray band of the Fermi-LAT. In contrast to previous flares of the same source observed with the Fermi-LAT, clear spectral changes are observed during the flare.
We made a detailed study of the timing and spectral properties of the X-ray pulsar 1A 0535+262 during the recent giant outburst in 2020 November and December. The flux of the pulsar reached a record value of $\sim$12.5 Crab as observed by Swift/BAT (15--50 keV) and the corresponding mass accretion rate was $\sim6.67\times10^{17}$ g s$^{-1}$ near the peak of the outburst. There was a transition from the subcritical to the supercritical accretion regime which allows exploring different properties of the source in the supercritical regime. A q-like feature was detected in the hardness-intensity d…
Context. 3C 454.3 is a very active flat spectrum radio quasar (blazar) that has undergone a recent outburst in all observed bands, including the optical. Aims. In this work we explore the short-term optical variability of 3C 454.3 during its outburst by searching for time delays between different optical bands. Finding one would be important for understanding the evolution of the spectrum of the relativistic electrons, which generate the synchrotron jet emission. Methods. We performed photometric monitoring of the object by repeating exposures in different optical bands (BVRI). Occasionally, d…
We report on the firm detection of a cyclotron resonance scattering feature (CRSF) in the X-ray spectrum of the Be X-ray binary pulsar, GRO J1008-57, achieved by the Suzaku Hard X-ray Detector during a giant outburst which was detected by the MAXI Gas Slit Camera in 2012 November. The Suzaku observation was carried out on 2012 November 20, outburst maximum when the X-ray flux reached $\sim 0.45$ Crab in 4-10 keV, which corresponds to a luminosity of $1.1 \times 10^{38}$ erg s$^{-1}$ in 0.5--100 keV at 5.8 kpc. The obtained broadband X-ray spectrum from 0.5 keV to 118 keV revealed a significant…
We present multiwavelength data of the blazar 3C 454.3 obtained during an extremely bright outburst from November 2010 through January 2011. These include flux density measurements with the Herschel Space Observatory at five submillimeter-wave and far-infrared bands, the Fermi Large Area Telescope at gamma-ray energies, Swift at X-ray, ultraviolet (UV), and optical frequencies, and the Submillimeter Array at 1.3 mm. From this dataset, we form a series of 52 spectral energy distributions (SEDs) spanning nearly two months that are unprecedented in time coverage and breadth of frequency. Discrete…
We report on the discovery by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer of the black hole candidate Swift J1539.2-6227 and the subsequent course of an outburst beginning in November 2008 and lasting at least seven months. The source was discovered during normal observations with the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on 2008 November 25. An extended observing campaign with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and Swift provided near-daily coverage over 176 days, giving us a good opportunity to track the evolution of spectral and timing parameters with fine temporal resolution through a series of spe…
I point to an interesting similarity in the radio and the soft X-ray light curves between the November 2009 outburst of the X-ray binary Aquila X-1 and some solar flares. The ratio of the soft X-ray and radio luminosities of Aquila X-1 in that outburst is also similar to some weak solar flares, and so is the radio spectrum near 8 GHz. Based on these, as well as on some other recent studies that point to some similar properties of accretion disk coronae and stellar flares, such as ratio of radio to X-ray luminosities (Laor & Behar 2008), I speculate that the soft X-ray outburst of Aquila X-1 wa…
We study the timing properties of XTE J1858+034 using the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and Burst Alert Telescope onboard Swift during the outburst in October--November 2019. We have investigated for Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO) during the outburst and detected a low-frequency QPO at $\sim$196 mHz with $\sim$6% RMS variability from the NuSTAR observation. The QPO is fitted and explained with the model - power law and a Lorentzian component. We have also studied the variation of QPO frequency with energy. The beat frequency model and Keplerian frequency model both are suita…
The Be/X-ray binary 1A 0535+262 underwent a giant X-ray outburst in November 2020, peaking at $\sim1\times 10^{38}$ erg s$^{-1}$ (1--100 keV, 1.8 kpc), the brightest outburst recorded for this source so far. Our goal is to search for patterns of correlated spectral and timing behavior that can be used to characterize the accretion states in hard X-ray transient pulsars. We have studied the evolution of the spectral continuum emission using hardness-intensity diagrams and the aperiodic variability of the source. The hardness-intensity diagram displays three distinct branches that can be identif…
We present the lightcurves, spectra, and hardness-intensity diagram (HID) of the high mass X-ray binary V0332+53 using Fermi/GBM, MAXI, Swift/BAT, and INTEGRAL through its 2015 Type II outburst. We observe characteristic features in the X-ray emission (2-50 keV) due to periastron passages, the dynamical timescale of the accretion disc, and changes within the accretion column between a radiation-dominated flow and a flow dominated by Coulomb interactions. Based on the HID and the light curves, the critical luminosity is observed to decrease by ~5-7 percent during the outburst, signaling a decre…
We report on a campaign of X-ray and soft gamma-ray observations of the black hole candidate H 1743-322 (also named IGR J17464-3213), performed with the RXTE, INTEGRAL and Swift satellites. The source was observed during a short outburst between 2008 October 03 and 2008 November 16. The evolution of the hardness-intensity diagram throughout the outburst is peculiar, in that it does not follow the canonical pattern through all the spectral states (the so called q-track pattern) seen during the outburst of black-hole transients. On the contrary, the source only makes a transition from the Hard S…
In November 2019, MAXI detected an X-ray outburst from the known Be X-ray binary system RX J0209.6-7427 located in the outer wing of the Small Magellanic Cloud. We followed the outburst of the system with NICER which led to the discovery of X-ray pulsations with a period of 9.3 s. We analyzed simultaneous X-ray data obtained with NuSTAR and NICER allowing us to characterize the spectrum and provide an accurate estimate of its bolometric luminosity. During the outburst the maximum broadband X-ray luminosity of the system reached $1-2\times10^{39}$ erg/s, thus exceeding by about one order of mag…
A report is made on the luminosity and pulse-period evolution of the Be binary X-ray pulsar, GX 304$-$1, during a series of outbursts from 2009 to 2013 observed by MAXI/GSC, RXTE/PCA, and Fermi/GBM. In total, twelve outbursts repeated by $\sim$ 132.2 days were observed, which is consistent with the X-ray periodicity of this object observed in the 1970s. These 12 outbursts, together with those in the 1970s, were found to all recur with a well defined period of 132.189$\pm$0.02 d, which can be identified with the orbital period. The pulse period at $\sim 275$ s, obtained from the RXTE/PCA and Fe…
A prominent outburst of the flat spectrum radio quasar 3C~454.3 was observed in 2014 June with the \emph{Fermi} Large Area Telescope. This outburst was characterized by a three-stage light-curve pattern---plateau, flare and post-flare---that occurred from 2014 May to July, in a similar pattern as observed during the exceptional outburst in 2010 November. The highest flux of the outburst reported in this paper occurred during 2014 June 7--29, showing a multiple-peak structure in the light-curves. The average flux in these 22 days was found to be $F[E > 100~\mathrm{MeV}] = (7.2 \pm 0.2) \times 1…
V404 Cygni was discovered in 1989 by the $Ginga$ X-ray satellite during its only previously observed X-ray outburst and soon after confirmed as a black hole binary. On June 15, 2015, the Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) triggered on a new outburst of V404 Cygni. We present 13 days of GBM observations of this outburst including Earth occultation flux measurements, spectral and temporal analysis. The Earth occultation fluxes reached 30 Crab with detected emission to 100 keV and determined, via hardness ratios, that the source was in a hard state. At high luminosity, spectral analysis between 8 and …
We present two observational campaigns performed with the RXTE satellite on the black hole transient H 1743-322. The source was observed in outburst on two separate occasions between October-November 2008 and May-July 2009. We have carried out timing and spectral analysis of the data set, obtaining a complete state classification of all the observations. We find that all the observations are well described by using a spectral model consisting of a disk-blackbody, a powerlaw + reflection + absorption and a gaussian emission component. During the 2009 outburst the system followed the canonical e…
To observationally study spin-period changes of accreting pulsars caused by the accretion torque, the present work analyzes X-ray light curves of 12 Be binary pulsars obtained by the MAXI/GSC all-sky survey and their pulse periods measured by the Fermi/GBM pulsar project, both covering more than 6 years from 2009 August to 2016 March. The 12 objects were selected because they are accompanied by clear optical identification, and accurate measurements of surface magnetic fields. The luminosity $L$ and the spin-frequency derivatives $\dotν$, measured during large outbursts with $L\gtrsim 1\times …
The flat spectrum radio quasar 3C~454.3 underwent an extraordinary outburst in December 2009 when it became the brightest gamma-ray source in the sky for over one week. Its daily flux measured with the Fermi Large Area Telescope at photon energies E>100 MeV reached F = 22+/-1 x 10^-6 ph cm^-2 s^-1, representing the highest daily flux of any blazar ever recorded in high-energy gamma-rays. It again became the brightest source in the sky in 2010 April, triggering a pointed-mode observation by Fermi. The correlated gamma-ray temporal and spectral properties during these exceptional events are pres…
We present the light curves and spectral data of two exceptionally luminous gamma-ray outburts observed by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) experiment on board Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope from 3C 273 in September 2009. During these flares, having a duration of a few days, the source reached its highest gamma-ray flux ever measured. This allowed us to study in some details their spectral and temporal structures. The rise and decay are asymmetric on timescales of 6 hours, and the spectral index was significantly harder during the flares than during the preceding 11 months. We also found that s…
The 2009 November outburst of the neutron star X-ray binary Aquila X-1 was observed with unprecedented radio coverage and simultaneous pointed X-ray observations, tracing the radio emission around the full X-ray hysteresis loop of the outburst for the first time. We use these data to discuss the disc-jet coupling, finding the radio emission to be consistent with being triggered at state transitions, both from the hard to the soft spectral state and vice versa. Our data appear to confirm previous suggestions of radio quenching in the soft state above a threshold X-ray luminosity of about 10% of…
We present the earliest X-ray observations of the 2018 outburst of XTE J1810-197, the first outburst since its 2003 discovery as the prototypical transient and radio-emitting anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP). The Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) detected XTE J1810-197 immediately after a November 20-26 visibility gap, contemporaneous with its reactivation as a radio pulsar, first observed on December 8. On December 13 the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NUSTAR) detected X-ray emission up to at least 30 keV, with a spectrum well-characterized by a blackbody plus power-law model with tem…
Swift J1626.6-5156 is a Be/X-ray binary that was in outburst from December 2005 until November 2008. We have examined RXTE/PCA and HEXTE spectra of three long observations of this source taken early in its outburst, when the PCA 2-20 keV count rate was >70 counts/s/PCU, as well as several combined observations from different stages of the outburst. The spectra are best fit with an absorbed cutoff power law with a ~6.4 keV iron emission line and a Gaussian optical depth absorption line at ~10 keV. We present strong evidence that this absorption-like feature is a cyclotron resonance scattering f…
BL Lacertae had undergone a series of historical high flux activity over a year, from August 2020 in the optical to VHE $γ$-rays. In this paper, we report on optical flux and spectral variability of the first historical maxima outburst event during October-November in g, r and i bands with the 1.26m telescope at Xinglong observatory, China. We detected significant intranight variations with amplitude rising up to $\sim 30$%, when the fastest variability timescale is found to be a few tens of minutes, giving an emitting region size of the order $10^{-3}$ pc, which corresponds to $\sim 100$ Schw…
We present a long-term study of the 2011 outburst of the magnetar Swift J1834.9-0846 carried out using new Chandra observations, as well as all the available Swift, RXTE, and XMM-Newton data. The last observation was performed on 2011 November 12, about 100 days after the onset of the bursting activity that had led to the discovery of the source on 2011 August 07. This long time span enabled us to refine the rotational ephemeris and observe a downturn in the decay of the X-ray flux. Assuming a broken power law for the long-term light curve, the break was at ~46 d after the outburst onset, when…
IGR J17091-3624 is a low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) which received wide attention from the community thanks to its similarities with the bright black hole system GRS 1915+105. Both systems exhibit a wide range of highly structured X-ray variability during outburst, with time scales from few seconds to tens of minutes, which make them unique in the study of mass accretion in LMXBs. In this work we present a general overview into the long-term evolution of IGR J17091-3624, using Swift/XRT observations from the onset of the 2011-2013 outburst in February 2011 to the end of the last bright outburst …
The candidate black hole X-ray binary Swift J1753.5-0127 faded to quiescence in 2016 November, after a prolonged outburst that was discovered in 2005. Nearly three months later the system displayed renewed activity that lasted through 2017 July. Here, we present radio and X-ray monitoring over ~3 months of the renewed activity to study the coupling between the jet and the inner regions of the disk/jet system. Our observations cover low X-ray luminosities that have not historically been well-sampled (Lx~2e33 - 1e36 erg/s; 1-10 keV), including time periods when the system was both brightening an…
We studied the optical counterpart of the intermediate-mass black hole candidate HLX-1 in ESO 243-49. We used a set of Very Large Telescope imaging observations from 2010 November, integrated by Swift X-ray data from the same epoch. We measured standard Vega brightnesses U = 23.89 +/- 0.18 mag, B = 25.19 +/- 0.30 mag, V = 24.79 +/- 0.34 mag and R = 24.71 +/- 0.40 mag. Therefore, the source was ~1 mag fainter in each band than in a set of Hubble Space Telescope images taken a couple of months earlier, when the X-ray flux was a factor of 2 higher. We conclude that during the 2010 September obser…
The Yale/SMARTS optical-near-IR monitoring program has followed the variations in emission of the Fermi-LAT monitored blazars in the southern sky with closely spaced observations since 2008. We report the discovery of an optical-near-IR (OIR) outburst with no accompanying gamma-rays in the blazar PKS 0208-512, one of the targets of this program. While the source undergoes three outbursts of 1 mag or more at OIR wavelengths lasting for longer than 3 months during 2008-2011, only interval 1 and 3 have corresponding bright phases in GeV energies lasting longer than 1 month. The OIR outburst durin…
In this paper we report on the two-year-long Fermi-LAT observation of the peculiar blazar 4C +21.35 (PKS 1222+216). This source was in a quiescent state from the start of science operations of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in 2008 August until 2009 September, and then became more active, with gradually increasing flux and some moderately-bright flares. In 2010 April and June, 4C +21.35 underwent a very strong GeV outburst composed of several major flares characterized by rise and decay timescales of the order of a day. During the outburst, the GeV spectra of 4C +21.35 displayed a broken …
We report the Fermi-LAT gamma-ray detection of the 2021 outburst of the symbiotic recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi. In this system, unlike classical novae from cataclysmic binaries, the ejecta from the white dwarf form shocks when interacting with the dense circumstellar wind environment of the red giant companion. We find the LAT spectra from 50 MeV to ~20-23 GeV, the highest-energy photons detected in some sub-intervals, are consistent with $π^{\rm 0}$-decay emission from shocks in the ejecta as proposed by Tatischeff & Hernanz (2007) for its previous 2006 outburst. The LAT light-curve displayed a…
We present the updated orbital solution for the transient Be X-ray binary V 0332+53 comple- menting historical measurements with the data from the gamma-ray burst monitor onboard Fermi obtained during the outburst in June-October 2015. We model the observed changes in the spin- frequency of the pulsar and deduce the orbital parameters of the system. We significantly improve existing constrains and show that contrary to the previous findings no change in orbital parameters is required to explain the spin evolution of the source during the outbursts in 1983, 2005 and 2015. The reconstructed intr…
We propose a model to explain the ultra-bright GeV gamma-ray flares observed from the blazar 3C454.3. The model is based on the concept of a relativistic jet interacting with compact gas condensations produced when a star (red giant) crosses the jet close to the central black hole. The study includes an analytical treatment of the evolution of the envelop lost by the star within the jet, and calculations of the related high-energy radiation. The model readily explains the day-long, variable on timescales of hours, GeV gamma-ray flare from 3C454.3, observed during November 2010 on top of a week…
We report on Fermi/Large Area Telescope observations of the accreting black hole low-mass X-ray binary V404 Cygni during its outburst in June-July 2015. Detailed analyses reveal a possible excess of $γ$-ray emission on 26 June 2015, with a very soft spectrum above $100$ MeV, at a position consistent with the direction of V404 Cyg (within the $95\%$ confidence region and a chance probability of $4 \times 10^{-4}$). This emission cannot be associated with any previously-known Fermi source. Its temporal coincidence with the brightest radio and hard X-ray flare in the lightcurve of V404 Cyg, at th…
We propose a model to explain the ultra-bright GeV gamma-ray flares observed from the blazar \c454. The model is based on the concept of a relativistic jet interacting with compact gas condensations produced when a star (red giant) crosses the jet close to the central black hole. The study includes an analytical treatment of the evolution of the envelop lost by the star within the jet, and calculations of the related high-energy radiation. The model readily explains the day-long, variable on timescales of hours, GeV gamma-ray flare from \c454, observed during November 2010 on top of a weeks-lo…
Nested Fermi and eROSITA bubbles require very similar $\sim10^{56}$ erg collimated Galactic-center outbursts; their asymmetry indicates an eastern density gradient
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev（内盖夫本-古里安大学）；Indian Institute of Astrophysics（印度天体物理研究所）
We revisit the well-studied outburst of the low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) system V404 Cygni, and claims of gamma-ray excesses observed with the Fermi-LAT instrument. Upon analysing an 11.5 year dataset with the 8-year LAT point source catalogue and 8-year background models, we find no evidence to suggest that there is high energy gamma-ray emission during the outburst period (or at any other time) from V404 Cygni. This is due to the proximity of V404 Cygni to the gamma-ray emitting blazar B2023+336, a luminous source approximately 0.3 degrees away, which causes source confusion at the position …
We report the X-ray spectral and timing analysis of the high mass X-ray binary EXO 2030+375 during the 2021 type II outburst. We have incorporated NuSTAR, NICER, \textit{Swift}/BAT \& \textit{Fermi}/GBM observations to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the source. Pulse profiles in different energy ranges and time intervals have been generated and analyzed. We have performed a brief comparison of the observations amidst the peak outburst condition and also during the decaying state of the outburst. Pulse profiles are found to evolve with time and energy. An iron emission line at (6-7) keV …
We present a detailed Fermi/LAT data analysis for the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 120. This source has recently entered into a state of increased gamma-ray activity which manifested itself in two major flares detected by Fermi/LAT in September 2014 and April 2015 with no significant flux changes reported in other wavelengths. We analyse available data focusing our attention on aforementioned outbursts. We find very fast variability timescale during flares (of the order of hours) together with a significant gamma-ray flux increase. We show that the 6.8 years averaged gamma-ray emission of 3C 120…
In June 2015, the black hole X-ray binary (BHXRB) V404 Cygni went into outburst for the first time since 1989. Here, we present a comprehensive search for quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of V404 Cygni during its recent outburst, utilizing data from six instruments on board five different X-ray missions: Swift/XRT, Fermi/GBM, Chandra/ACIS, INTEGRAL's IBIS/ISGRI and JEM-X, and NuSTAR. We report the detection of a QPO at 18 mHz simultaneously with both Fermi/GBM and Swift/XRT, another example of a rare but slowly growing new class of mHz-QPOs in BHXRBs linked to sources with a high orbital inc…
Since 2005, the blazar 3C 454.3 has shown remarkable flaring activity at all frequencies, and during the last four years it has exhibited more than one gamma-ray flare per year, becoming the most active gamma-ray blazar in the sky. We present for the first time the multi-wavelength AGILE, SWIFT, INTEGRAL, and GASP-WEBT data collected in order to explain the extraordinary gamma-ray flare of 3C 454.3 which occurred in November 2010. On 2010 November 20 (MJD 55520), 3C 454.3 reached a peak flux (E>100 MeV) of F_gamma(p) = (6.8+-1.0)E-5 ph/cm2/s on a time scale of about 12 hours, more than a facto…
The neutron star transient and 11 Hz X-ray pulsar IGR J17480-2446, recently discovered in the globular cluster Terzan 5, showed unprecedented bursting activity during its 2010 October-November outburst. We analyzed all X-ray bursts detected with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and find strong evidence that they all have a thermonuclear origin, despite the fact that many do not show the canonical spectral softening along the decay imprinted on type I X-ray bursts by the cooling of the neutron star photosphere. We show that the persistent-to-burst power ratio is fully consistent with the accreti…
Unexpected Gamma-ray Outburst from the CSS Radio Galaxy 3C 216
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Roma Tor Vergata（意大利国家核物理研究所，罗马托尔维加塔分部）；Space Science Data Center, SSDC, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI（意大利航天局空间科学数据中心）；Department of Fundamental Physics, University of Salamanca（萨拉曼卡大学基础物理系）
The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope discovered a rapid (about 5 days duration), high-energy (E >100 MeV) gamma-ray outburst from a source identified with the blazar PKS 1502+106 (OR 103, S3 1502+10, z=1.839) starting on August 05, 2008 and followed by bright and variable flux over the next few months. Results on the gamma-ray localization and identification, as well as spectral and temporal behavior during the first months of the Fermi all-sky survey are reported here in conjunction with a multi-waveband characterization as a result of one of the first F…
The accretion-powered millisecond pulsar IGR J00291+5934 underwent two ~10 d long outbursts during 2008, separated by 30 d in quiescence. Such a short quiescent period between outbursts has never been seen before from a neutron star X-ray transient. X-ray pulsations at the 599 Hz spin frequency are detected throughout both outbursts. For the first time, we derive a pulse phase model that connects two outbursts, providing a long baseline for spin frequency measurement. Comparison with the frequency measured during the 2004 outburst of this source gives a spin-down during quiescence of -4(1)x10^…
The gamma-ray binary system LS I +61 303 was studied in great detail in VHE gamma-rays in the last years by the MAGIC telescope. The VHE emission of the system exhibited a prominent periodic outburst in the orbital phases 0.6-0.7 between September 2005 to January 2008. In Fall 2008 the Fermi collaboration reported as well periodic emission in the MeV to GeV energy range, but with a shifted outburst in the phases 0.35-0.45. MAGIC observed again LS I+61 303 in 2009 with the twice more sensitive stereo mode to allow for detailed correlation studies between the VHE gamma-ray and Fermi/LAT energy b…
Binary systems are a well-established subclass of gamma-ray sources. The high mass X-ray binary pulsar 1A~0535+262 has been considered to be a possible gamma-ray emitter for a long time, although former gamma-ray searches using \textit{Fermi}-LAT and VERITAS data resulted in upper limits only. We aim at a deep search for gamma-ray emission and pulsations from 1A~0535+262 using more than 13 years of \textit{Fermi}-LAT data. The analysis was performed for both the whole \textit{Fermi}-LAT data set, as well as for the X-ray outbursts that 1A~0535+262 has experienced since the launch of \textit{Fe…
A Model for Magnetic Reconnection as the Origin of TeV Outbursts from NGC 1275
School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University（南京大学天文与空间科学学院）；Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education（教育部现代天文学与天体物理重点实验室（南京大学））；Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center（天府宇宙线研究中心）
针对 NGC 1275 在 2022-2023 年间的 TeV 爆发，提出磁重联模型，通过喷流与介质相互作用产生等离子体团，解释多波段观测，并比较轻子与强子辐射机制。
We analyze total and polarized intensity images of the quasar 3C 454.3 obtained monthly with the VLBA at 43 GHz within the ongoing Boston U. monitoring program of gamma-ray blazars started in June 2007. The data are supplemented by VLBA observations performed during intense campaigns of 2 week duration when the quasar was observed 3 times per campaign. We find a strong increase of activity in the parsec-scale jet of the quasar during high gamma-ray states in December 2009, April 2010, and November 2010. We detect new superluminal knots, K09 and K10, associated with the autumn 2009 and 2010 out…
We present recent optical photometric observations of the blazar OJ 287 taken during September 2015 -- May 2016. Our intense observations of the blazar started in November 2015 and continued until May 2016 and included detection of the large optical outburst in December 2016 that was predicted using the binary black hole model for OJ 287. For our observing campaign, we used a total of 9 ground based optical telescopes of which one is in Japan, one is in India, three are in Bulgaria, one is in Serbia, one is in Georgia, and two are in the USA. These observations were carried out in 102 nights w…
On 2015 June 16, Fermi-LAT observed a giant outburst from the flat spectrum radio quasar 3C 279 with a peak $>100$ MeV flux of $\sim3.6\times10^{-5}\;{\rm photons}\;{\rm cm}^{-2}\;{\rm s}^{-1}$ averaged over orbital period intervals. It is the historically highest $γ$-ray flux observed from the source including past EGRET observations, with the $γ$-ray isotropic luminosity reaching $\sim10^{49}\;{\rm erg}\;{\rm s}^{-1}$. During the outburst, the Fermi spacecraft, which has an orbital period of 95.4 min, was operated in a special pointing mode to optimize the exposure for 3C 279. For the first …
We investigate MeV-GeV $γ$-ray outbursts in 3C 273 in the frame of a time-dependent one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model. In this model, electrons are accelerated to extra-relativistic energy through the stochastic particle acceleration and evolve with the time, nonthermal photons are produced by both synchrotron and inverse Compton scattering of synchrotron photons. Moreover, nonthermal photons during a quiescent are produced by the relativistic electrons in the steady state and those during a outburst are produced by the electrons whose injection rate is changed at some time interva…
The flat-spectrum radio quasar 4C $+$71.07 is a high-redshift ($z=2.172$), $γ$-loud blazar whose optical emission is dominated by the thermal radiation from accretion disc. 4C $+$71.07 has been detected in outburst twice by the AGILE $γ$-ray satellite during the period end of October - mid November 2015, when it reached a $γ$-ray flux of the order of $F_{\rm E>100\,MeV} = (1.2 \pm 0.3)\times 10^{-6}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ and $F_{\rm E>100\,MeV} = (3.1 \pm 0.6)\times 10^{-6}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, respectively, allowing us to investigate the properties of the jet and of the emission…
Since 2001, the radio quasar 3C 454.3 has undergone a period of high optical activity, culminating in the brightest optical state ever observed, during the 2004-2005 outburst. The Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) consortium has carried out several multifrequency campaigns to follow the source behaviour. The GLAST-AGILE Support Program (GASP) was born from the WEBT to provide long-term continuous optical-to-radio monitoring of a sample of gamma-loud blazars, during the operation of the AGILE and GLAST (now known as Fermi GST) gamma-ray satellites. The main aim is to shed light on the mechani…
Classical novae produce radioactive nuclei which are emitters of gamma-rays in the MeV range. Some examples are the lines at 478 and 1275 keV (from 7Be and 22Na) and the positron-electron annihilation emission, with the 511 keV line and a continuum. Gamma-ray spectra and light curves are potential unique tools to trace the corresponding isotopes and to give insights on the properties of the expanding envelope. Another possible origin of gamma-rays is the acceleration of particles up to very high energies, so that either neutral pions or inverse Compton processes produce gamma-rays of energies …
