Bidya Binay Karak, Arnab Rai Choudhuri
We propose that at the beginning of the Maunder minimum the poloidal field or amplitude of meridional circulation or both fell abruptly to low values. With this proposition, a flux transport dynamo model is able to reproduce various important aspects of the historical records of the Maunder minimum remarkably well.
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Meridional circulation is an important ingredient in flux transport dynamo models. We have studied its importance on the period, the amplitude of the solar cycle, and also in producing Maunder-like grand minima in these models. First, we model the periods of the last 23 sunspot cycles by varying the meridional circulation speed. If the dynamo is in a diffusion-dominated regime, then we find that most of the cycle amplitudes also get modeled up to some extent when we model the periods. Next, we propose that at the beginning of the Maunder minimum the amplitude of meridional circulation dropped …
We propose that the poloidal field at the end of the last sunspot cycle before the Maunder minimum fell to a very low value due to fluctuations in the Babcock--Leighton process. With this assumption, a flux transport dynamo model is able to explain various aspects of the historical records of the Maunder minimum remarkably well on choosing the parameters of the model suitably to give the correct growth time.
The Sun occasionally goes through Maunder-like extended grand minima when its magnetic activity drops considerably from the normal activity level for several decades. Many possible theories have been proposed to explain the origin of these minima. However, how the Sun managed to recover from such inactive phases every time is even more enigmatic. The Babcock--Leighton type dynamos, which are successful in explaining many features of the solar cycle remarkably well, are not expected to operate during grand minima due to the lack of a sufficient number of sunspots. In this Letter, we explore the…
Fluctuations in the Sun's magnetic activity, including episodes of grand minima such as the Maunder minimum have important consequences for space and planetary environments. However, the underlying dynamics of such extreme fluctuations remain ill-understood. Here we use a novel mathematical model based on stochastically forced, non-linear delay differential equations to study solar cycle fluctuations, in which, time delays capture the physics of magnetic flux transport between spatially segregated dynamo source regions in the solar interior. Using this model we explicitly demonstrate that the …
Maunder Minimum forms an archetype for the Grand minima, and detailed knowledge of its temporal development has important consequences for the solar dynamo theory dealing with long-term solar activity evolution. Here we reconsider the current paradigm of the Grand minimum general scenario by using newly recovered sunspot observations by G. Marcgraf and revising some earlier uncertain data for the period 1636--1642, i.e., one solar cycle before the beginning of the Maunder Minimum. The new and revised data dramatically change the magnitude of the sunspot cycle just before the Maunder Minimum, f…
Recovery of the Solar Cycle from Maunder-like Grand Minima Episodes: A Quantification of the Necessary Polar Flux Threshold through Solar Dynamo Simulations
本研究通过带随机强迫的数千年太阳发电机模拟，量化了太阳从类蒙德极小期的大极小事件中恢复、重启极性反转所需的极区磁通量阈值，发现大极小期时长与起始速率无关，提出了大极小期恢复的预测方法，同时指出大极小期起始预测仍存挑战。
One of the most enigmatic phenomena related to solar activity is the so-called Maunder minimum phase. It consists of the lowest sunspot's counting ever registered for the Sun, and never so far confirmed for other stars. Since the spectroscopic observations of stellar activity at the Mount Wilson Observatory, the solar analog HD43587 has shown a very low and apparently invariant activity level, which makes it a Maunder minimum candidate. We analyze the chromospheric activity evolution of HD43587 and its evolutive status, intending to unravel the reasons for this low and flat activity. We use an…
We study the magnetic activity cycle of HD 4915 using the \ion{Ca}{2} H \& K emission line strengths measured by Keck I/HIRES spectrograph. The star has been observed as a part of California Planet Search Program from 2006 to present. We note decreasing amplitude in the magnetic activity cycle, a pattern suggesting the star's entry into a Magnetic Grand Minimum (MGM) state, reminiscent of the Sun's Maunder and Dalton Minima. We recommend further monitoring of the star to confirm the grand minimum nature of the dynamo, which would provide insight into the state of the Sun's chromosphere and the…
Recently discovered long-term oscillations of the solar background magnetic field associated with double dynamo waves generated in inner and outer layers of the Sun indicate that the solar activity is heading in the next three decades (2019-2055) to a Modern grand minimum similar to Maunder one. On the other hand, a reconstruction of solar total irradiance suggests that since the Maunder minimum there is an increase in the cycle-averaged total solar irradiance (TSI) by a value of about $1-1.5$ $Wm^{-2}$ closely correlated with an increase of the baseline (average) terrestrial temperature. In o…
The occurrence of grand minima like the Maunder minimum is an intriguing aspect of the sunspot cycle. We use the flux transport dynamo model to explain the grand minima, showing that they arise when either the poloidal field or the meridional circulation falls to a sufficiently low value due to fluctuations. Assuming these fluctuations to be Gaussian and determining the various parameters from the data of the last 28 cycles, we carry on a dynamo simulation with both these fluctuations. The results are remarkably close to the observational data.
Aims: We demonstrate the universal character of the quiet-Sun chromosphere among inactive stars (solar-type and giants). By assessing the main physical processes, we shed new light on some common observational phenomena. Methods: We discuss measurements of the solar Mt. Wilson S-index, obtained by the Hamburg Robotic Telescope around the extreme minimum year 2009, and compare the established chromospheric basal Ca II K line flux to the Mt. Wilson S-index data of inactive ("flat activity") stars, including giants. Results: During the unusually deep and extended activity minimum of 2009, the Sun…
Using a summary curve of two eigen vectors of solar magnetic field oscillations derived with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) from synoptic maps for solar cycles 21-24 as a proxy of solar activity, we extrapolate this curve backwards three millennia revealing 9 grand cycles lasting 350-400 years each. The summary curve shows a remarkable resemblance to the past sunspot and terrestrial activity: grand minima - Maunder Minimum (1645-1715 AD), Wolf minimum (1280-1350 AD), Oort minimum (1010-1050 AD) and Homer minimum (800-900 BC); grand maxima - modern warm period (1990-2015), medieval warm pe…
Extreme solar activity fluctuations and the occurrence of solar grand minima and maxima episodes, are well established, observed features of the solar cycle. Nevertheless, such extreme activity fluctuations and the dynamics of the solar cycle during Maunder minima-like episodes remain ill-understood. We explore the origin of such extreme solar activity fluctuations and the role of dual poloidal field sources, namely the Babcock-Leighton mechanism and the mean-field alpha effect in the dynamics of the solar cycle. We mainly concentrate on entry and recovery from grand minima episodes such as th…
No Maunder Minimum phase in HD 4915
本研究针对类太阳恒星HD 4915是否处于蒙德极小期的问题，通过分析HARPS与HIRES的380余条光谱，排除了其进入蒙德极小期的可能，提出其活动模式由4.8年短周期受长周期调制的多重周期主导。
Analyses of features of magnetic cycles at different amounts of dynamo supercriticality: Solar dynamo is about two times critical
本文通过Babcock-Leighton型发电机模型在不同超临界程度下的模拟，结合蒙德极小期恢复速率和大极小/极大期统计，并与观测对比，证明太阳发电机仅约为临界值的两倍，并非高度超临界。
We explore a reduced Babcock-Leighton (BL) dynamo model based on delay differential equations using numerical bifurcation analysis. This model reveals hysteresis, seen in the recent mean-field dynamo model and the direct numerical simulations of turbulent dynamos. The BL model with 'magnetic noise' as an additional weak-source of the poloidal field recovers the solar cycle every time from grand minima, which BL source alone cannot do. The noise-incorporated model exhibits a bimodal distribution of toroidal field energy confirming two modes of solar activity. It also shows intermittency and rep…
Dynamo models relying on the Babcock-Leighton mechanism are successful in reproducing most of the solar magnetic field dynamical characteristics. However, considering that such models operate only above a lower magnetic field threshold, they do not provide an appropriate magnetic field regeneration process characterizing a self-sustainable dynamo. In this work we consider the existence of an additional α-effect to the Babcock-Leighton scenario in a mean-field axisymmetric kinematic numerical model. Both poloidal field regeneration mechanisms are treated with two different strength-limiting fac…
A solar-type dynamo model in a spherical shell is developed with allowance for random dependence of the poloidal field generation mechanism on time and latitude. The model shows repeatable epochs of strongly decreased amplitude of magnetic cycles similar to the Maunder minimum of solar activity. Random dependence of dynamo-parameters on latitude brakes the equatorial symmetry of generated fields. The model shows the correlation of the occurrence of grand minima with deviations in the dynamo-field from dipolar parity. An increased north-south asymmetry of magnetic activity can, therefore, be an…
Solar activity cycle varies in amplitude. The last Cycle 24 is the weakest in the past century. Sun's activity dominates Earth's space environment. The frequency and intensity of the Sun's activity are accordant with the solar cycle. Hence there are practical needs to know the amplitude of the upcoming Cycle 25. The dynamo-based solar cycle predictions not only provide predictions, but also offer an effective way to evaluate our understanding of the solar cycle. In this article we apply the method of the first successful dynamo-based prediction developed for Cycle 24 to the prediction of Cycle…
Oscillating dynamo models with a time-nonlocal $α$ effect
该研究将传统α效应扩展为时间非局部形式，发现其能简化发电机激发、延长周期并产生锯齿状磁场轮廓，且能重现Waldmeier趋势及类似蒙德极小期的弱周期事件。
Modelling the rotation dependence of cycle variability in sun-like stars: Answering why only slowly rotating stars produce grand minima
采用通量传输发电机模型研究类太阳恒星磁活动周期变化，发现慢速自转恒星因较低超临界发电机更易产生延长的极小期，而快转恒星则无此现象。
The correlation between geomagnetic activity and the sunspot number in the 11-year solar cycle exhibits long-term variations due to the varying time lag between the sunspot-related and non-sunspot related geomagnetic activity, and the varying relative amplitude of the respective geomagnetic activity peaks. As the sunspot-related and non-sunspot related geomagnetic activity are caused by different solar agents, related to the solar toroidal and poloidal fields, respectively, we use their variations to derive the parameters of the solar dynamo transforming the poloidal field into toroidal field …
One peculiar feature of the solar cycle which is yet to be understood properly is the frequent occurrence of double peaks (also known as the Gnevyshev peaks). Not only the double peaks but also multiple peaks and spikes are often observed in any phase of the cycle. We propose that these peaks and spikes are generated due to fluctuations in the Babcock-Leighton process (the poloidal field generation from tilted bipolar magnetic regions). When the polar field develops, large negative fluctuations in the Babcock-Leighton process can reduce the net polar field abruptly. As these fluctuations in th…
The tachocline is important in the solar dynamo for the generation and the storage of the magnetic fields. A most plausible explanation for the confinement of the tachocline is given by the fast tachocline model in which the tachocline is confined by the anisotropic momentum transfer by the Maxwell stress of the dynamo generated magnetic fields. We employ a flux transport dynamo model coupled with the simple feedback formula of this fast tachocline model which basically relates the thickness of the tachocline to the Maxwell stress. We find that this nonlinear coupling not only produces a stabl…
We attempt to provide a quantitative theoretical explanation for the observations that Ca II H/K emission and X-ray emission from solar-like stars increase with decreasing Rossby number (i.e., with faster rotation). Assuming that these emissions are caused by magnetic cycles similar to the sunspot cycle, we construct flux transport dynamo models of $1M_{\odot}$ stars rotating with different rotation periods. We first compute the differential rotation and the meridional circulation inside these stars from a mean-field hydrodynamics model. Then these are substituted in our dynamo code to produce…
For moderate and slow rotation, magnetic activity of solar-like stars is observed to strongly depend on rotation. These observations do not yet have a solid explanation in terms of dynamo theory. We aim to find such an explanation by numerically investigated the rotational dependency of dynamo drivers in solar-like stars. We ran semi-global convection simulations of stars with rotation rates from 0 to 30 times the solar value, corresponding to Coriolis numbers, Co, of 0 to 110. We measured the turbulent transport coefficients describing the magnetic field evolution with the help of the test-fi…
Asteroseismological determinations of stellar ages have shown that old main-sequence dwarfs do not obey gyrochronology. Their rotation is slow compared to young stars but faster than gyrochronology predicts. This can be explained by the presence of a maximum rotation period beyond which the large-scale dynamo switches off and stops providing global magnetic fields necessary for stellar spindown. Assuming this explanation, the excess of stellar dynamo parameters over their marginal values can be estimated for given spectral type and rotation rate. The estimation gives the dynamo number for the …
We point out the difficulties in carrying out direct numerical simulation of the solar dynamo problem and argue that kinematic mean-field models are our best theoretical tools at present for explaining various aspects of the solar cycle in detail. The most promising kinematic mean-field model is the flux transport dynamo model, in which the toroidal field is produced by differential rotation in the tachocline, the poloidal field is produced by the Babcock--Leighton mechanism at the solar surface and the meridional circulation plays a crucial role. Depending on whether the diffusivity is high o…
Connecting mean-field theory with dynamo simulations
本文回顾平均场发电机理论与三维磁流体动力学模拟之间的联系，涵盖湍流输运系数计算和模拟的平均场建模，并总结其在解释太阳与恒星磁场模拟中的成功与挑战。
M-dwarfs demonstrate two types of activity: 1) strong (kilogauss) almost axisymmetric poloidal magnetic fields; and 2) considerably weaker nonaxisymmetric fields, sometimes including a substantial toroidal component. Dynamo bistability has been proposed as an explanation. However it is not straightforward to obtain such a bistability in dynamo models. On the other hand, the solar magnetic dipole at times of magnetic field inversion becomes transverse to the rotation axis, while the magnetic field becomes weaker at times far from that of inversion. Thus the Sun resembles a star with the second …
Dynamo action in fully convective stars is a debated issue that also questions our understanding of magnetic field generation in partly convective Sun-like stars. During the past few years, spectropolari- metric observations have demonstrated that fully convective objects are able to trigger strong large-scale and long-lived magnetic fields. We present here the first spectropolarimetric study of a sample of active late M dwarfs (M5-M8) carried out with ESPaDOnS@CFHT. It reveals the co-existence of two distinct types of magnetism among stars having similar masses and rotation rates. A possible …
An explanation is suggested for the north-south asymmetry of the polar magnetic field reversal in the current cycle of solar activity. The contribution of the Babcock-Leighton mechanism to the poloidal field generation is estimated using sunspot data for the current activity cycle. Estimations are performed separately for the northern and southern hemispheres. The contribution of the northern hemisphere exceeded considerably that of the southern hemisphere during the initial stage of the cycle. This is the probable reason for the earlier reversal of the northern polar field. The estimated cont…
Numerical simulations of astrophysical dynamos and applications to giant planets
本研究通过数值模拟探讨了自激发电机在星际介质和巨行星内部的作用，分析了磁场演化及行星磁性特征。
A Short Intense Dynamo at the Onset of Crystallization in White Dwarfs
本研究通过混合长度理论与磁旋转对流标度律，计算不同质量白矮星结晶驱动对流的性质，发现结晶开始时有效对流可产生高达10^6-10^8 G的磁场，从而解释孤立白矮星的大磁场起源。
The origin of strong magnetic fields in white dwarfs has been a puzzle for decades. Recently, a dynamo mechanism operating in rapidly rotating and crystallizing white dwarfs has been suggested to explain the occurrence rates of strong magnetic fields in white dwarfs with close low-mass main sequence star companions. Here we investigate whether the same mechanism may produce strong magnetic fields in close double white dwarfs. The only known strongly magnetic white dwarf that is part of a close double white dwarf system, the magnetic component of NLTT 12758, is rapidly rotating and likely cryst…
This study is concerned with the early evolution of magnetic fields and differential rotation of intermediate-mass stars which may evolve into Ap stars. We report on simulations of the interplay of differential rotation and magnetic fields, the stability limits and non-linear evolution of such configurations, and the prospects of dynamo action from the unstable cases. The axisymmetric problem delivers a balance between field amplification and back-reaction of the magnetic field on the differential rotation. The non-axisymmetric case involves also the Tayler instability of the amplified toroida…
The Sun, aside from its eleven year sunspot cycle is additionally subject to long term variation in its activity. In this work we analyse a solar-like convective dynamo simulation, containing approximately 60 magnetic cycles, exhibiting equatorward propagation of the magnetic field, multiple frequencies, and irregular variability, including a missed cycle and complex parity transitions between dipolar and quadrupolar modes. We compute the turbulent transport coefficients, describing the effects of the turbulent velocity field on the mean magnetic field, using the test-field method. The test-fi…
Turbulent Magnetogenesis and Large-scale Magnetic Dynamo Amplification in Ion--electron Plasmas
利用全动力学模拟研究离子 - 电子等离子体磁生成，发现两阶段机制，电子压力各向异性引发电子 - 韦贝尔模式，离子各向异性驱动离子 - 韦贝尔型模式，还有比尔曼电池机制，使磁场放大，为磁生成提供解释。
Eating planets makes you younger: The magnetic dynamo rejuvenation of GJ 504 by planetary engulfment
通过行星吞噬使GJ 504的磁能发电机重新焕发活力，研究发现其自转加速与磁场强度变化可能由行星吞噬引起。
Observations of young open clusters have revealed a bimodal distribution of fast and slower rotation rates that has proven difficult to explain with predictive models of spin down that depend on rotation rates alone. The Metastable Dynamo Model proposed recently by Brown, employing a stochastic transition probability from slow to more rapid spin down regimes, appears to be more successful but lacks a physical basis for such duality. Using detailed 3D MHD wind models computed for idealized multipole magnetic fields, we show that surface magnetic field complexity can provide this basis. Both mas…
Two well known turbulent dynamo and MHD oscillation mechanisms are critically examined and fundamental difficulties are presented. Following new ideas on the genesis of the solar cycle and activity phenomena are presented. Inevitability of most likely existence of a combined steady poloidal and toroidal magnetic field structure in the solar interior. Owing to suitable steady poloidal field structure, Alfven wave perturbations of long periods (~ 22 yrs) that excite in the solar core travel first to the poles in both the hemispheres and later reach the equator. While traveling towards the surfac…
Surface observations indicate that the speed of the solar meridional circulation in the photosphere varies in anti-phase with the solar cycle. The current explanation for the source of this variation is that inflows into active regions alter the global surface pattern of the meridional circulation. When these localized inflows are integrated over a full hemisphere, they contribute to the slow down of the axisymmetric poleward horizontal component. The behavior of this large scale flow deep inside the convection zone remains largely unknown. Present helioseismic techniques are not sensitive eno…
Heat transport and convective velocities in compositionally-driven convection in neutron star and white dwarf interiors
该研究通过混合长度理论与数值模拟，探究中子星和白矮星内部成分驱动对流的热输运特性，发现两种对流状态及转变规律，修正了对流速度等结果，对白矮星磁场的结晶驱动发电机解释提出质疑。
Investigating Nonlinear Quenching Effects on Polar Field Buildup in the Sun Using Physics-Informed Neural Networks
本文利用物理信息神经网络研究太阳极场增长中的非线性淬灭效应，通过改变输运参数分离TQ和LQ的贡献，发现TQ随扩散率增强而抑制，LQ主导对流主导区域，改进了太阳动力学模型的准确性。
The role of meridional flow in the generation of solar/stellar magnetic fields and cycles
本研究使用STABLE发电机模型探讨经向流在太阳及类太阳恒星磁场产生中的作用，发现中等经向流增强极向和环向磁场，而强流减弱磁场，并揭示了磁场强度随恒星自转率先增后减的规律。
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