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arXiv 1101.0954astro-ph.EP
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考虑恒星噪声的行星探测极限。II。星点群对径向速度的影响

Planetary detection limits taking into account stellar noise. II. Effect of stellar spot groups on radial-velocities

X. Dumusque, N. C. Santos, S. Udry, C. Lovis, X. Bonfils

摘要:

小质量行星的径向速度探测面临着恒星噪声的干扰。HARPS现在可以达到每秒米以下的精度,这对应于不同恒星扰动的幅度,如振荡,颗粒化和活动。太阳黑子群的活动产生的径向速度噪音每秒几米。本文的目的是模拟这种活动,并根据不同的观测策略计算检测限。基于太阳观测,我们再现了旋转恒星表面黑子群的演化。然后,我们计算的径向速度效应引起的这些点组作为时间的函数。考虑到振荡,造粒,活动,和80厘米/秒的HARPS仪器误差,我们模拟不同的观测策略的效果,以有效地减少所有的噪声源。每三天每晚测量三次,每次10分钟,每月10个晚上似乎是最好的测试策略。根据所考虑的活动水平,从log(R '_HK)= -5到-4.75,这种策略将使我们能够在K1 V矮星的宜居带中找到2.5到3.5地球质量的行星。使用伯尔尼的行星形成模型,我们估计,在相同的活动水平范围内,15%至35%的行星在1至5个地球质量之间,周期在100至200天之间,应该用HARPS找到。HARPS和ESTERO的性能之间的比较也强调了我们的模拟。使用同样的优化策略,ESTERO可以在早期K矮星的宜居带中找到1.3颗地球质量的行星。此外,80%的质量在1到5个地球质量之间,周期在100到200天之间的行星都可以被探测到。

英文摘要:

The detection of small mass planets with the radial-velocity technique is now confronted with the interference of stellar noise. HARPS can now reach a precision below the meter-per-second, which corresponds to the amplitudes of different stellar perturbations, such as oscillation, granulation, and activity. Solar spot groups induced by activity produce a radial-velocity noise of a few meter-per-second. The aim of this paper is to simulate this activity and calculate detection limits according to different observational strategies. Based on Sun observations, we reproduce the evolution of spot groups on the surface of a rotating star. We then calculate the radial-velocity effect induced by these spot groups as a function of time. Taking into account oscillation, granulation, activity, and a HARPS instrumental error of 80 cm/s, we simulate the effect of different observational strategies in order to efficiently reduce all sources of noise. Applying three measurements per night of 10 minutes every three days, 10 nights a month seems the best tested strategy. Depending on the level of activity considered, from log(R'_HK)= -5 to -4.75, this strategy would allow us to find planets of 2.5 to 3.5 Earth masses in the habitable zone of a K1V dwarf. Using Bern's model of planetary formation, we estimate that for the same range of activity level, 15 to 35 % of the planets between 1 and 5 Earth masses and with a period between 100 and 200 days should be found with HARPS. A comparison between the performance of HARPS and ESPRESSO is also emphasized by our simulations. Using the same optimized strategy, ESPRESSO could find 1.3 Earth mass planets in the habitable zone of early-K dwarfs. In addition, 80 % of planets with mass between 1 and 5 Earth masses and with a period between 100 and 200 days could be detected.

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