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arXiv 1012.5938astro-ph.EP
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钠D线揭示的系外行星HD209458b的高层大气:温度-压力剖面、电离层和热层

The upper atmosphere of the exoplanet HD209458b revealed by the sodium D lines: Temperature-pressure profile, ionization layer, and thermosphere

A. Vidal-Madjar, D. K. Sing, A. Lecavelier des Etangs, R. Ferlet, J. -M. Desert, G. Hebrard, I. Boisse, D. Ehrenreich, C. Moutou

摘要:

对太阳系外行星HD209458 b凌日的HST观测进行了全面的重新评估,提供了大气在宽波长范围内的透射光谱。对碘化钠吸收线剖面的分析已经表明,在临界高度以上,钠的丰度至少要下降10倍。在这里,我们分析的配置文件在深核心的NaI双线从HST和高分辨率的地基光谱,以进一步约束的垂直结构的HD209458 b的大气。与波长相关的截面,跨越超过5个数量级,我们使用的吸收签名的碘化钠的双重作为大气探测器。NaI传输特性被显示为在超过6500公里的高度范围内对HD209458 b的大气进行采样,对应于14个刻度高度的压力范围,从1毫巴到1 e-9巴的压力。通过比较观测与多层模式,其中温度是一个自由参数的分辨率的大气尺度高度,我们约束的温度垂直廓线和变化的Na丰度在HD209458 b的上部大气。我们发现,在3毫巴的水平上,温度的上升高于钠丰度的下降。我们还确定了一个等温大气层在1500+/-100K跨越近6个尺度的高度,从1 e-5到1 e-7巴。在这一层之上,温度再次上升到2500(+1500/-1000)K,在1 e-9巴,表明存在热层。由此产生的温度-压力(T-P)曲线与3 mbar水平的Na冷凝情景一致,在更高的高度,接近3e-5 bar水平,可能有钠电离的特征。我们的T-P配置文件被发现是在良好的协议与气动模型,包括水动力逃逸获得的配置文件。

英文摘要:

A complete reassessment of the HST observations of the transits of the extrasolar planet HD209458b has provided a transmission spectrum of the atmosphere over a wide range of wavelengths. Analysis of the NaI absorption line profile has already shown that the sodium abundance has to drop by at least a factor of ten above a critical altitude. Here we analyze the profile in the deep core of the NaI doublet line from HST and high-resolution ground-based spectra to further constrain the vertical structure of the HD209458b atmosphere. With a wavelength-dependent cross section that spans more than 5 orders of magnitude, we use the absorption signature of the NaI doublet as an atmospheric probe. The NaI transmission features are shown to sample the atmosphere of HD209458b over an altitude range of more than 6500km, corresponding to a pressure range of 14 scale heights spanning 1 millibar to 1e-9 bar pressures. By comparing the observations with a multi-layer model in which temperature is a free parameter at the resolution of the atmospheric scale height, we constrain the temperature vertical profile and variations in the Na abundance in the upper part of the atmosphere of HD209458b. We find a rise in temperature above the drop in sodium abundance at the 3mbar level. We also identify an isothermal atmospheric layer at 1500+/-100K spanning almost 6 scale heights in altitude, from 1e-5 to 1e-7 bar. Above this layer, the temperature rises again to 2500(+1500/-1000)K at 1e-9 bar, indicating the presence of a thermosphere. The resulting temperature-pressure (T-P) profile agrees with the Na condensation scenario at the 3 mbar level, with a possible signature of sodium ionization at higher altitudes, near the 3e-5 bar level. Our T-P profile is found to be in good agreement with the profiles obtained with aeronomical models including hydrodynamic escape.

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