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arXiv 1010.3785astro-ph.IMastro-ph.GA
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脉冲星精密计时的测量模型

A Measurement Model for Precision Pulsar Timing

J. M. Cordes, R. M. Shannon

摘要:

本文描述了一个全面的测量模型的脉冲到达时间的误差预算,重点是内在的脉冲抖动和等离子体传播的影响(特别是星际散射),这是随机的时间和不同的依赖于射频。为了减少它们的贡献,可以在一系列频率上进行定时测量,这些频率取决于我们确定的各种脉冲星和仪器相关因素。毫秒脉冲星高信噪比测量的一个显著趋势是到达时间精度受到不可约星际散射或脉冲星磁层内可变发射引起的脉冲相位抖动的限制。对定时误差的限制意味着必须将雷达限制在低色散措施(DM)和高频观测。如果不减轻非色散色效应,则使用增加信噪比的较宽带宽将降低定时精度。DM频率平面中的允许区域取决于如何解决色度定时扰动。在没有缓解措施的情况下,1.4 GHz或5 GHz的观测分别限于$\DM\lesssim 30$和$\lesssim 100~\DMu$。随着星际散射的积极缓解和使用大型望远镜在高频下提供足够的灵敏度(例如Arecibo,FAST,SKA的第一阶段和SKA),DM高达500 $\DMu$的望远镜可以用于精确定时应用。我们分析了在多历元拟合之前在给定历元拟合到达时间与频率的方法。虽然天体物理学最感兴趣的是消色差(例如轨道和引力波扰动),但测量最终可能会受到脉冲星自旋速率类似消色差随机性的限制。

英文摘要:

This paper describes a comprehensive measurement model for the error budget of pulse arrival times with emphasis on intrinsic pulse jitterand plasma propagation effects (particularly interstellar scattering), which are stochastic in time and have diverse dependences on radio frequency. To reduce their contribution, timing measurements can be made over a range of frequencies that depends on a variety of pulsar and instrumentation-dependent factors that we identify. A salient trend for high signal-to-noise measurements of millisecond pulsars is that time-of-arrival precision is limited either by irreducible interstellar scattering or by pulse-phase jitter caused by variable emission within pulsar magnetospheres. A cap on timing errors implies that pulsars must be confined to low dispersion measures (DMs) and observed at high frequencies. Use of wider bandwidths that increase signal-to-noise ratios will degrade timing precision if nondispersive chromatic effects are not mitigated. The allowable region in the DM-frequency plane depends on how chromatic timing perturbations are addressed. Without mitigation, observations at 1.4~GHz or 5~GHz are restricted to $\DM\lesssim 30$ and $\lesssim 100~\DMu$, respectively. With aggressive mitigation of interstellar scattering and use of large telescopes to provide adequate sensitivity at high frequencies (e.g. Arecibo, FAST, phase 1 of the SKA, and the SKA), pulsars with DMs up to 500~$\DMu$ can be used in precision timing applications. We analyze methods that fit arrival times vs. frequency at a given epoch prior to multi-epoch fitting. While the terms of greatest astrophysical interest are achromatic (e.g. orbital and gravitational wave perturbations), measurements may ultimately be limited by similarly achromatic stochasticity in a pulsar's spin rate.

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