arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1008.5331quant-ph
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拓扑相位效应

Topological phase effects

J. M. Robbins

摘要:

经历周期性变化的量子本征态获得几何起源的相位因子。这个阶段,被称为贝里阶段,或几何阶段,已经在整个物理学的广泛学科中找到了应用,包括原子和分子物理学,凝聚态物理,光学和经典动力学。本文介绍了几何相位的基本理论和一些有代表性的应用。本文首先讨论循环绝热演化的几何相位。一个初等推导给出了一个工作的例子,两状态系统。时间反演的影响进行了解释,因为是几何相位和能级简并之间的基本连接。我们还讨论了实验观察的方法。简要介绍了几何磁性;这是一个类似洛伦兹力的几何起源出现在动力学的慢系统耦合到快速的。几何相位的一些理论发展。这些包括非正式讨论的纤维束,并概括的几何相位退化本征态(nonabel的情况下)和非绝热演化。以下是申请的说明。经典物理学中的表现形式包括汉内角和运动几何相位。在光学中的应用涉及偏振动力学,包括潘查拉特南相位的理论和观测。在分子物理学中的应用包括分子阿哈罗诺夫-波姆效应和核磁共振研究。在凝聚态物理中,我们讨论了几何相位在量子霍尔效应理论中的作用。

英文摘要:

Quantum eigenstates undergoing cyclic changes acquire a phase factor of geometric origin. This phase, known as the Berry phase, or the geometric phase, has found applications in a wide range of disciplines throughout physics, including atomic and molecular physics, condensed matter physics, optics, and classical dynamics. In this article, the basic theory of the geometric phase is presented along with a number of representative applications. The article begins with an account of the geometric phase for cyclic adiabatic evolutions. An elementary derivation is given along with a worked example for two-state systems. The implications of time-reversal are explained, as is the fundamental connection between the geometric phase and energy level degeneracies. We also discuss methods of experimental observation. A brief account is given of geometric magnetism; this is a Lorenz-like force of geometric origin which appears in the dynamics of slow systems coupled to fast ones. A number of theoretical developments of the geometric phase are presented. These include an informal discussion of fibre bundles, and generalizations of the geometric phase to degenerate eigenstates (the nonabelian case) and to nonadiabatic evolution. There follows an account of applications. Manifestations in classical physics include the Hannay angle and kinematic geometric phases. Applications in optics concern polarization dynamics, including the theory and observation of Pancharatnam's phase. Applications in molecular physics include the molecular Aharonov-Bohm effect and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. In condensed matter physics, we discuss the role of the geometric phase in the theory of the quantum Hall effect.

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