We used a sample of 11 nearby relaxed clusters of galaxies observed with the X-ray instruments XMM-Newton (EPIC) pn and MOS, Chandra ACIS-S and ACIS-I and BeppoSAX MECS to examine the cross-calibration of the energy dependence and normalisation of the effective area of these instruments as of December 2009. We also examined the Fe XXV/XXVI line ratio temperature measurement method for the pn and MOS. We performed X-ray spectral analysis on the XMM-Newton and Chandra data for a sample of 11 clusters. We obtained the information for BeppoSAX from DeGrandi & Molendi (2002). We compared the spectroscopic results obtained with different instruments for the same clusters in order to examine possible systematic calibration effects between the instruments. We did not detect any significant systematic differences between the temperatures derived in the 2-7 keV band using the different instruments. Also, the EPIC temperatures derived from the bremsstrahlung continuum agreed with those obtained from the Fe XXV/XXVI emission line ratio, implying that the energy dependence of the hard band effective area of the above instruments is accurately calibrated. On the other hand, the hard band EPIC/ACIS fluxes disagreed by 5-10% (i.e. at 6-25 sigma level) which indicates a similar level of uncertainty in the normalisations of the effective areas of these instruments in the 2--7 keV band. In the soft energy band (0.5-2.0 keV) there are greater cross-calibration differences between EPIC and ACIS. Due to the high statistical weight of the soft band data, the 0.5-7.0 keV band temperature measurements of clusters of galaxies with EPIC or ACIS are uncertain by ~10-15% on average.
A cross-calibration approach for polarisation-sensitive detectors in CMB experiments: application to LiteBIRD's polarisation angle calibration
University of Milano Bicocca（米兰比可卡大学）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza（罗马第一大学物理系）；INFN Sezione di Roma（罗马国家核物理研究所）；Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPSC-IN2P3（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学）；Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris（巴黎高等师范学院物理实验室）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata（罗马第二大学物理系）；IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, UPS（图卢兹大学天体物理与粒子物理研究所）；Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (IFCA, CSIC-UC)（坎塔布里亚物理研究所）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova（帕多瓦大学伽利略物理与天文系）；INFN Sezione di Padova（帕多瓦国家核物理研究所）
