The laws of mechanics of stationary black holes bear a close resemblance with the laws of thermodynamics. This is not only a mathematical analogy but also a physical one that helps us answer deep questions related to the thermodynamic properties of the black holes. It turns out that we can define an entropy which
is purely geometrical for black holes. In this thesis we explain Wald's formulation which identifies black hole entropy for an arbitrary covariant theory of gravity. We would like to know precisely what inputs go into arriving at Wald's formalism. This expression for the entropy clearly depends on the precise form of the action. The secondary theme of this thesis is to distinguish thermodynamic laws which are kinematic from those which are dynamical. We would like to see explicitly in the derivation of these laws, where exactly the form of action plays a role. In the beginning we motivate the definition of entropy using the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian. We encounter the Zeroth law, the Hawking radiation, the second law, and then Wald's formulation.
We outline how the Wald entropy formula naturally arises in loop quantum gravity based on recently introduced dimension-independent connection variables. The key observation is that in a loop quantization of a generalized gravity theory, the analog of the area operator turns out to measure, morally speaking, the Wald entropy rather than the area. We discuss the explicit example of (higher-dimensional) Lanczos-Lovelock gravity and comment on recent work on finding the correct numerical prefactor of the entropy by comparing it to a semiclassical effective action.
We analyze the Wald entropy for different forms of the conformal anomaly in six dimensions. In particular we focus on the anomaly which arises in a holographic calculation of Henningson and Skenderis. The various presentations of the anomaly differ by some total derivative terms. We calculate the corresponding Wald entropy for surfaces which do not have an Abelian $O(2)$ symmetry in the transverse direction although the extrinsic curvature vanishes. We demonstrate that for this class of surfaces the Wald entropy is different for different forms of the conformal anomaly. The difference is due t…
We examine the Kerr/CFT correspondence in Einstein gravity extended with quadratic curvature invariants. We consider two explicit examples in four and five dimensions and compute the central charges of the asymptotic symmetry algebras of the near horizon geometries, using the improved version of the BBC formalism that encompasses the information of the Lagrangian. We find that the resulting Cardy entropy differs from the Wald entropy, caused by the Riemann-squared $R^{μνρσ}R_{μνρσ}$ term.
We perform the toroidal compactification of the full Bergshoeff-de Roo version of the Heterotic Superstring effective action to first orderin $α'$. The dimensionally-reduced action is given in a manifestly-O(n,n)-invariant form which we use to derive a manifestly-O(n,n)-invariant Wald entropy formula which we then use to compute the entropy of $α'$-corrected, 4-dimensional, 4-charge, static, extremal, supersymmetric black holes.
Using Wald's formalism, we study the thermodynamics (first laws and Smarr formulae) of asymptotically-flat black holes, rings etc. in a higher-dimensional higher-rank generalization of the Einstein-Maxwell theory. We show how to deal with the electric and magnetic charges of the objects and how the electric-magnetic duality properties of the theory are realized in the first laws and Smarr formulae.
We evaluate the Wald Noether charge entropy for a black hole in generalized theories of gravity. Expanding the Lagrangian to second order in gravitational perturbations, we show that contributions to the entropy density originate only from the coefficients of two-derivative terms. The same considerations are extended to include matter fields and to show that arbitrary powers of matter fields and their symmetrized covariant derivatives cannot contribute to the entropy density. We also explain how to use the linearized gravitational field equation rather than quadratic actions to obtain the same…
Recently, in the Einstein gravity, Majhi and Padmanabhan proposed a straightforward and transparent way in obtaining the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy by using the approach based on the Virasoro algebra and central charge. In this work, we generalize their approach to the modified gravity with higher curvature corrections and show that their approach can successfully lead to the corresponding Wald entropy in the higher curvature gravity. Our result shows that the approach is physically general.
In this paper, we demonstrate that the Wald's entropy for any spherically symmetric blackhole within an infinite derivative theory of gravity is determined solely by the area law. Thus, the infrared behaviour of gravity is captured by the Einstein-Hilbert term, provided that the massless graviton remains the only propagating degree of freedom in the spacetime.
Quantum effects due to conformal matter in a black hole background result in universal logarithmic corrections to black-hole entropy. The universality resides in the connection of the log term coefficient with those of type-A and type-B Weyl anomalies, regularization-scheme independent quantities. We presently study the case of extremal black holes within Wald's Noether charge formalism. In the conformal class of flat metrics, we are again able to unveil the log term in the entropy from the horizon value of the solution to the Q-curvature uniformization problem. Beyond conformally flat backgro…
The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of black holes in Einstein's theory of gravity is equal to a quarter of the horizon area in units of Newton's constant. Wald has proposed that in general theories of gravity the entropy of stationary black holes with bifurcate Killing horizons is a Noether charge which is in general different from the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. We show that the Noether charge entropy is equal to a quarter of the horizon area in units of the effective gravitational coupling on the horizon defined by the coefficient of the kinetic term of specific graviton polarizations on the hor…
In this thesis I examine several different concepts of black hole entropy in order to understand whether they describe the same quantity. I look at statistical and entanglement entropies, Wald entropy and Carlip's entropy from conformal field theory, and compare their behavior in a few specific aspects: divergence at the BH horizon, dependence on space time curvature and behavior under a geometric variation. I find that statistical and entanglement entropy may be similar but they seem to differ from the entropy of Wald and Carlip. Chapters 2 and 3 overlap with 1010.4157 and 1310.3938. Chapter …
Since the entropy of stationary black holes in Horndeski gravity will be modified by the non-minimally coupling scalar field, a significant issue of whether the Wald entropy still obeys the linearized second law of black hole thermodynamics can be proposed. To investigate this issue, a physical process that the black hole in Horndeski gravity is perturbed by the accreting matter fields and finally settles down to a stationary state is considered. According to the two assumptions that there is a regular bifurcation surface in the background spacetime and that the matter fields always satisfy th…
Wald's entropy formula allows one to find the entropy of black holes' event horizon within any diffeomorphism invariant theory of gravity. When applied to general relativity, the formula yields the Bekenstein-Hawking result but, for any other gravitational action that departs from the Hilbert action, the resulting entropy acquires an additional multiplicative factor that depends on the global geometry of the background spacetime. On the other hand, the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) has extensively been recently used to investigate corrections to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula…
We propose, in the framework of the fluid/gravity correspondence, a definition for a local horizon entropy current for higher-curvature gravitational theories. The current is well-defined to first order in fluid gradients for general gravity actions with an algebraic dependence on the Riemann tensor. As a detailed example, we consider five-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell theory with a mixed gauge-gravitational Chern-Simons term. In this theory, we construct the proposed entropy current on a charged black-brane background, and show that it has a non-negative divergence. Moreover, a complete corres…
We calculate the Noether currents and charges for Einstein-Maxwell theory using a version of the Wald approach. In spherical symmetry, the choice of time can be taken as the Kodama vector. For the static case, the resulting combined Einstein-Maxwell charge is just the mass of the black hole. Using either a classically defined entropy or the Iyer-Wald selection rules, the entropy is found to be just a quarter of the area of the trapping horizon. We propose identifying the combined Noether charge as an energy associated with the Kodama time. For the extremal black hole case, we discuss the probl…
We analyze the near horizon conformal symmetry for black hole solutions in gravity with a conformally coupled scalar field using the method proposed by Majhi and Padmanabhan recently. It is shown that the entropy of the black holes of the form $\mathrm{d}s^2 = - f(r)\mathrm{d}t^2 + \mathrm{d}r^2/f(r)+...$ agrees with Wald entropy. This result is different from previous result obtained by M. Natsuume, T. Okamura and M. Sato using the canonical Hamiltonian formalism, which claims a discrepancy from Wald entropy.
We derive the first law of black hole mechanics in the context of the Heterotic Superstring effective action to first order in alpha prime using Wald's formalism. We carefully take into account all the symmetries of the theory and, as a result, we obtain a manifestly gauge- and Lorentz-invariant entropy formula in which all the terms can be computed explicitly. An entropy formula with these properties allows unambiguous calculations of macroscopic black-hole entropies to first order in alpha prime that can be reliably used in a comparison with the microscopic ones. Such a formula was still lac…
We consider the compactification on a circle of the Heterotic Superstring effective action to first order in the Regge slope parameter $α'$ and re-derive the $α'$-corrected Buscher rules first found in arXiv:hep-th/9506156 , proving the T duality invariance of the dimensionally-reduced action to that order in $α'$. We use Iyer and Wald's prescription to derive an entropy formula that can be applied to black-hole solutions which can be obtained by a single non-trivial compactification on a circle and discuss its invariance under the $α'$-corrected T duality transformations. This formula has bee…
Although the entropy of black holes in any diffeomorphism invariant theory of gravity can be expressed as the Wald entropy, the issue of whether the entropy always obeys the second law of black hole thermodynamics remains open. Since the nonminimal coupling interaction between gravity and the electromagnetic field in the general quadric corrected Einstein-Maxwell gravity can sufficiently influence the expression of the Wald entropy, we check whether the Wald entropy of black holes in the quadric corrected gravity still satisfies the second law. A quasistationary accreting process of black hole…
The equivalence principle and its universality enables the geometrical formulation of gravity. In the standard formulation of General Relativity á la Einstein, the gravitational interaction is geometrized in terms of the spacetime curvature. However, if we embrace the geometrical character of gravity, two alternative, though equivalent, formulations of General Relativity emerge in flat spacetimes, in which gravity is fully ascribed either to torsion or to non-metricity. The latter allows a much simpler formulation of General Relativity oblivious to the affine spacetime structure, the Coinciden…
In this paper, we investigate the second law of the black holes in Lovelock gravity sourced by a conformally coupled scalar field under the first-order approximation when the perturbation matter fields satisfy the null energy condition. First of all, we show that the Wald entropy of this theory does not obey the linearized second law for the scalar-hairy Lovelock gravity which contains the higher curvature terms even if we replace the gravitational part of Wald entropy with Jacobson-Myers (JM) entropy. This implies that we cannot naively add the scalar field term of the Wald entropy to the JM …
We write the variation of the statistical entropy of matter fields outside a black hole along a Killing vector. This is done for generalized theories of gravity, using a Lie derivative and identification of the energy momentum tensor.
We argue that the Smarr Formula for black holes can be expressed in terms of a Noether charge surface integral plus a suitable volume integral, for any gravitational theory. The integrals can be constructed as an application of Wald's formalism. We apply this formalism to compute the mass and the Smarr Formula for static Lovelock black holes. Finally, we propose a new prescription for Wald's entropy in the case of Lovelock black holes, which takes into account topological contributions to the entropy functional.
Wald entropy and Wen-Zee type gauge-curvature coupling in 2+1-dimensional gravity
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram（印度科学教育研究所特里凡得琅分校）；CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra（科英布拉大学物理系CFisUC）
The Noether charge associated to diffeomorphism invariance in teleparallel gravity is derived. It is shown that the latter yields the ADM mass of an asymptotically flat spacetime. The black hole entropy is then investigated based on Wald's prescription that relies on the Noether charge. It is shown that, like in general relativity, the surface gravity can be factored out from such a charge. Consequently, the similarity with the first law of thermodynamics implied by such an approach in general relativity does show up also in teleparallel gravity. It is found that, based on the expression of th…
We calculate quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy of black holes using the Wald entropy formula within an effective field theory approach to quantum gravity. The corrections to the entropy are calculated to second order in curvature and we calculate a subset of those at third order. We show that, at third order in curvature, interesting issues appear that had not been considered previously in the literature. The fact that the Schwarzschild metric receives corrections at this order in the curvature expansion has important implications for the entropy calculation. Indeed, the horizon…
The entanglement and Rényi entropies for spherical entangling surfaces in CFTs with gravity duals can be explicitly calculated by mapping these entropies first to the thermal entropy on hyperbolic space and then, using the AdS/CFT correspondence, to the Wald entropy of topological black holes. Here we extend this idea by taking into account corrections to the Wald entropy. Using the method based on horizon symmetries and the asymptotic Cardy formula, we calculate corrections to the Wald entropy and find that these corrections are proportional to the logarithm of horizon area. With the correcte…
We consider two specific approaches to evaluate the black hole entropy which are known to produce correct results in the case of Einstein's theory and generalize them to Lanczos-Lovelock models. In the first approach (which could be called extrinsic) we use a procedure motivated by earlier work by Pretorius, Vollick and Israel, and by Oppenheim, and evaluate the entropy of a configuration of densely packed gravitating shells on the verge of forming a black hole in Lanczos-Lovelock theories of gravity. We find that this matter entropy is not equal to (it is less than) Wald entropy, except in th…
A comparison of two constructions for dynamical corrections to Wald entropy
School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学数学学院与麦克斯韦数学科学研究所）；Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics（萨哈核物理研究所）；Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur（坎普尔印度理工学院物理系）
We study the first law of thermodynamics of dyonic black strings carrying a linear momentum in type IIA string theory compactified on K3 with leading order $α'$ corrections. The low energy effective action contains mixed Chern-Simons terms of the form $-2B_{(2)}\wedge {\rm tr}(R(Γ_\pm)\wedge R(Γ_\pm))$ which is equivalent to $2H_{(3)}\wedge \mathrm{CS}_{(3)}(Γ_\pm)$ up to a total derivative. We find that the naive application of Wald entropy formula leads to two different answers associated with the two formulations of the mixed Chern-Simons terms. Surprisingly, neither of them satisfies the f…
We examine the idea that in quantum gravity, the entanglement entropy of a general region should be finite and the leading contribution is given by the Bekenstein-Hawking area law. Using holographic entanglement entropy calculations, we show that this idea is realized in the Randall-Sundrum II braneworld for sufficiently large regions in smoothly curved backgrounds. Extending the induced gravity action on the brane to include the curvature-squared interactions, we show that the Wald entropy closely matches the expression describing the entanglement entropy. The difference is that for a general…
We consider two non-statistical definitions of entropy for dynamic (non-stationary) black holes in spherical symmetry. The first is analogous to the original Clausius definition of thermodynamic entropy: there is a first law containing an energy-supply term which equals surface gravity times a total differential. The second is Wald's Noether-charge method, adapted to dynamic black holes by using the Kodama flow. Both definitions give the same answer for Einstein gravity: one-quarter the area of the trapping horizon.
In this report, a general method to extract thermodynamic quantities from solutions of the Einstein equation is developed. In 1994, Wald established that the entropy of a black hole could be identified as a Noether charge associated with a Killing vector of a global space-time (pseudo-Riemann) manifold. We reconstruct Wald's method using geometrical language, e.g$.$, via differential forms defined on the local space-time (Minkowski) manifold. Concurrently, the abstract thermodynamics are also reconstructed using geometrical terminology, which is parallel to general relativity. The corresponden…
We study quasi-stationary physical process for black holes within the context of Lanczos-Lovelock gravity. We show that the Wald entropy of stationary black holes in Lanczos-Lovelock gravity monotonically increases for quasi-stationary physical processes in which the horizon is perturbed by the accretion of positive energy matter and the black hole ultimately settles down to a stationary state. This result reinforces the physical interpretation of Wald entropy for Lanczos-Lovelock models and takes a step towards proving the analogue of the black hole area increase-theorem in a wider class of g…
We present a general method of computing corrections to the extremality bound and entropy of Kerr-Newman black holes due to an arbitrary perturbation using the Iyer-Wald formalism. In this method, corrections to the extremality bound are given by an integral over an effective stress tensor which, in particular cases of interest, reduces to the usual stress tensor. This clarifies the relation between extremality corrections and energy conditions. In particular, we show that a necessary condition to decrease the mass of an extremal black hole in a canonical ensemble, as required by the weak grav…
Quantum fluctuations of matter fields contribute to the thermal entropy of black holes. For free minimally-coupled scalar and spinor fields, this contribution is precisely the entanglement entropy. For gauge fields, Kabat found an extra negative divergent "contact term" with no known statistical interpretation. We compare this contact term to a similar term that arises for nonminimally-coupled scalar fields. Although both divergences may be interpreted as terms in the Wald entropy, we point out that the contact term for gauge fields comes from a gauge-dependent ambiguity in Wald's formula. Rev…
The classical central charge for the higher curvature gravity in 3-dimensions is calculated using the Legendre transformation method. The statistical entropy of BTZ black hole is derived by the Cardy's formula and the result completely coincides with the Iyer-Wald formula for the geometrical entropy. This coincidence suggests the generalized AdS/CFT correspondence.
We write down the most general membrane equations dual to black holes for a general class of gravity theories, up to sub-leading order in $1/D$ in large $D$ limit. We derive a "minimal" entropy current which satisfies a local form of second law from these membrane equations. We find that consistency with second law requires the membrane equations to satisfy certain constraints. We find additional constraints on the membrane equations from the existence of membrane solutions dual to stationary black holes. Finally we observe a tension between second law and matching with Wald entropy for dual s…
We derive a formula for the black hole entropy in theories with gravitational Chern-Simons terms, by generalizing Wald's argument which uses the Noether charge. It correctly reproduces the entropy of three-dimensional black holes in the presence of Chern-Simons term, which was previously obtained via indirect methods.
Near Horizon Extremal Geometries (NHEG) are solutions to gravity theories with $ SL(2,R) \times U(1)^N $ (for some N) symmetry, are smooth geometries and have no event horizon, unlike black holes. Following the ideas by R. M. Wald, we derive laws of NHEG dynamics, the analogs of laws of black hole dynamics for the NHEG. Despite the absence of horizon in the NHEG, one may associate an entropy to the NHEG, as a Noether-Wald conserved charge. We work out entropy and entropy perturbation laws, which are respectively universal relations between conserved Noether charges corresponding to the NHEG an…
It is well-known that in order to make the action well defined, one may employ different kinds of boundary conditions (BCs) accompanied by the appropriate Gibbons-Hawking-York (GHY) terms. In this paper we investigate the role of the selected BC and the corresponding GHY terms on the black hole (BH) entropy. Our result shows, regardless of the kind of BC, the BH entropy in all cases is the same as one obtained under Dirichlet BC from Wald formula or semi-classical approximation method. We considered the Schwarzschild solution for $f(R)$-gravity and general relativity (GR) in standard dimension…
The BTZ stationary black hole solution is considered and its mass and angular momentum are calculated by means of Noether theorem. In particular, relative conserved quantities with respect to a suitably fixed background are discussed. Entropy is then computed in a geometric and macroscopic framework, so that it satisfies the first principle of thermodynamics. In order to compare this more general framework to the prescription by Wald et al. we construct the maximal extension of the BTZ horizon by means of Kruskal-like coordinates. A discussion about the different features of the two methods fo…
The approximate renormalized one-loop effective action of the quantized massive scalar, spinor and vector field in a large mass limit, i.e., the lowest order of the DeWitt-Schwinger expansion involves the coincidence limit of the Hadamard-DeWitt coefficient a3. Building on this and using Wald's approach we shall construct the general expression describing entropy of the spherically-symmetric static black hole being the solution of the semi-classical field equations. For the concrete case of the quantum-corrected Reissner-Nordstrom black hole this result coincides, as expected, with the entropy…
Rotating Black Holes and the Kerr/CFT Correspondence in Einstein-Bumblebee Gravity
Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University（天津大学理学院物理系联合量子研究中心）；School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University（湖南大学物理与电子学院）
