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arXiv 1007.2280cs.NI
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IPv4和IPv6 AS级互联网拓扑演化中的阶段变化

Phase Changes in the Evolution of the IPv4 and IPv6 AS-Level Internet Topologies

Guoqiang Zhang, Bruno Quoitin, Shi Zhou

摘要:

本文研究了IPv4和IPv6互联网拓扑结构在自治系统(AS)层面上的长期演化,并提供了大量的经验证据,证明了两种网络的增长趋势存在一个相变。IPv4网络的阶段性变化发生在2001年。在此之前,网络的规模呈指数级增长,此后则呈线性增长。同时,最大节点度、平均节点度和平均最短路径长度也发生了变化。IPv6网络的阶段性变化发生在2006年底。值得注意的是,在两个网络中观察到的相变是不同的,例如IPv6网络的大小最初是线性增长的,然后转变为指数增长。研究结果表明,经过几十年的快速扩张,到本世纪初,IPv4网络已经发展到一个成熟,稳定的阶段,其特点是相对缓慢的增长与稳定的网络结构;而IPv6网络,经过一个缓慢的启动过程,刚刚起飞到全速增长。我们还提供了深入了解IPv6-over-IPv4隧道部署方案对IPv6网络的演进可能产生的影响。迄今为止的Internet拓扑生成器都是基于一个不明确的假设,即Internet的演化遵循不变的动力学机制。我们的研究揭示了互联网演化的深刻见解,并为未来的AS级互联网模型提供了输入。

英文摘要:

In this paper we investigate the evolution of the IPv4 and IPv6 Internet topologies at the autonomous system (AS) level over a long period of time.We provide abundant empirical evidence that there is a phase transition in the growth trend of the two networks. For the IPv4 network, the phase change occurred in 2001. Before then the network's size grew exponentially, and thereafter it followed a linear growth. Changes are also observed around the same time for the maximum node degree, the average node degree and the average shortest path length. For the IPv6 network, the phase change occurred in late 2006. It is notable that the observed phase transitions in the two networks are different, for example the size of IPv6 network initially grew linearly and then shifted to an exponential growth. Our results show that following decades of rapid expansion up to the beginning of this century, the IPv4 network has now evolved into a mature, steady stage characterised by a relatively slow growth with a stable network structure; whereas the IPv6 network, after a slow startup process, has just taken off to a full speed growth. We also provide insight into the possible impact of IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling deployment scheme on the evolution of the IPv6 network. The Internet topology generators so far are based on an inexplicit assumption that the evolution of Internet follows non-changing dynamic mechanisms. This assumption, however, is invalidated by our results.Our work reveals insights into the Internet evolution and provides inputs to future AS-Level Internet models.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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