At present Internet has emerged as a country's predominant and viable data communication infrastructure. The Autonomous System (AS) resources which are building blocks of the Internet are AS numbers, IPv4 and IPv6 Prefixes. AS number growth is one of Internet infrastructure development indicators. Hence understanding on long term trend and stochastic variation behaviour are essential to detect significant events during the growth. In this work, time series based approximation is considered for mathematical modelling and forecast the yearly AS growth. The AS data of five countries namely India, China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are extracted from APNIC archive. ARIMA models with different Auto Regressive and Moving Average parameters are identified for forecasting. Model validation, parameter estimation, point forecast and prediction intervals with 95 % confidence levels for the five countries are reported in the paper. The significant level change in variations, positive growth percentage in Inter Annual Absolute Variations (IAAV) and higher percentage of advertised ASes when compared to other countries indicate India's fast growth and wider global reachability of Internet infrastructure from 2007 onwards. The correlation between IAAV change point and GDP growth period indicates that service sector industry growth is the driving force behind significant yearly changes.
There has been a lot of discussion on Net Neutrality and policies that various network service providers and distributors adopt, at times leading to greater network congestion and thus more debates. The aim of this project is to use congestion traffic data to look at correlations between different service providers and message requests for different AS (Autonomous Systems). The RTT (Round Trip Time) from the time-series data of these messages is evaluated, to provide conclusive results of favoring certain websites over others. Lastly, this project attempts time-series prediction to forecast wh…
With the fast development of video and voice network applications, CDN (Content Distribution Networks) and P2P (Peer-to-Peer) content distribution technologies have gradually matured. How to effectively use Internet resources thus has attracted more and more attentions. For the study of resource pricing, a whole pricing strategy containing pricing models, mechanisms and methods covers all the related topics. We first introduce three basic Internet resource pricing models through an Internet cost analysis. Then, with the evolution of service types, we introduce several corresponding mechanisms …
In recent years, there are some major changes in the way content is being distributed over the network. The content distribution techniques have recently started to embrace peer-to-peer (P2P) systems as an alternative to the traditional client-server architecture. P2P systemsthat are based on the BitTorrent protocol uses end-users' resources to provide a cost effective distribution of bandwidth intensive content to thousands of users. The BitTorrent protocol system offers a scalable mechanism for distributing a large volume of data to a set of peers over the Internet. With the growing demand f…
In this paper, we propose a mechanism for packet marking called Probabilistic Congestion Notification (PCN). This scheme makes use of the 1-bit Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) field in the Internet Protocol (IP) header. It allows the source to estimate the exact level of congestion at each intermediate queue. By knowing this, the source could take avoiding action either by adapting its sending rate or by using alternate routes. The estimation mechanism makes use of time series analysis both to improve the quality of the congestion estimation and to predict, ahead of time, the congestion…
The first generation of wireless sensor nodes have constrained energy resources and computational power, which discourages applications to process any task other than measuring and transmitting towards a central server. However, nowadays, sensor networks tend to be incorporated into the Internet of Things and the hardware evolution may change the old strategy of avoiding data computation in the sensor nodes. In this paper, we show the importance of reducing the number of transmissions in sensor networks and present the use of forecasting methods as a way of doing it. Experiments using real sen…
Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) behavioural mode has been introduced in IEEE 802.15.4e standard to address the ultra-high reliability and ultra-low power communication requirements of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks. Scheduling the packet transmissions in IIoT networks is a difficult task owing to the limited resources and dynamic topology. In this paper, we propose a phasic policy gradient (PPG) based TSCH schedule learning algorithm. The proposed PPG based scheduling algorithm overcomes the drawbacks of totally distributed and totally centralized deep reinforcement learning…
In the sensing as a service paradigm, Internet of Things (IoT) Middleware platforms allow data consumers to retrieve the data they want without knowing the underlying technical details of IoT resources (i.e. sensors and data processing components). However, configuring an IoT middleware platform and retrieving data is a significant challenge for data consumers as it requires both technical knowledge and domain expertise. In this paper, we propose a knowledge driven approach called Context Aware Sensor Configuration Model (CASCOM) to simplify the process of configuring IoT middleware platforms,…
The first decade of the 21st century has seen tremendous improvements in mobile internet and its technologies. The high traffic volume of services such as video conference and other real-time traffic applications are imposing a great challenge on networks. In the meantime, demand for the use of mobile devices in computation and communication such as smart phones, personal digital assistants, and mobile-enabled laptops has grown rapidly. These services have driven the demand for increasing and guaranteing bandwidth requirements in the network. A direction of this paper is in the case of resourc…
Developing an evolution model of the Internet has been a long standing research challenge. Such a model can improve the design and placement of communication infrastructure, reducing costs and improving users' quality of experience. While communication infrastructure is tightly coupled to geographical locations, Internet modelling and forecasting in the last decade used network elements that are only loosely bounded to any geographical location. In this paper we set the foundations for developing an evolution model of the Internet based on the Point of Presence (PoP) level. As PoPs have a stro…
The surging global mobile data traffic challenges the economic viability of cellular networks and calls for innovative solutions to reduce the network congestion and improve user experience. In this context, user-provided networks (UPNs), where mobile users share their Internet access by exploiting their diverse network resources and needs, turn out to be very promising. Heterogeneous users with advanced handheld devices can form connections in a distributed fashion and unleash dormant network resources at the network edge. However, the success of such services heavily depends on users' willin…
Tactile Internet often requires (i) the ultra-reliable and ultra-responsive network connection and (ii) the proactive and intelligent actuation at edge devices. A promising approach to address these two requirements is to enable mobile edge devices to share their communication, computation, and caching (3C) resources via device-to-device (D2D) connections. In this paper, we propose a general 3C resource sharing framework, which includes many existing 1C/2C sharing models in the literature as special cases. Comparing with 1C/2C models, the proposed 3C framework can further improve the resource …
As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices keeps increasing, data is required to be communicated and processed by these devices at unprecedented rates. Cooperation among wireless devices by exploiting Device-to-Device (D2D) connections is promising, where aggregated resources in a cooperative setup can be utilized by all devices, which would increase the total utility of the setup. In this paper, we focus on the resource allocation problem for cooperating IoT devices with multiple heterogeneous applications. In particular, we develop Application-Aware Cooperative Time allocation (AACT) …
The vulnerability of the Internet has been demonstrated by prominent IP prefix hijacking events. Major outages such as the China Telecom incident in 2010 stimulate speculations about malicious intentions behind such anomalies. Surprisingly, almost all discussions in the current literature assume that hijacking incidents are enabled by the lack of security mechanisms in the inter-domain routing protocol BGP. In this paper, we discuss an attacker model that accounts for the hijacking of network ownership information stored in Regional Internet Registry (RIR) databases. We show that such threats …
As the fog-based internet of vehicles (IoV) is equipped with rich perception, computing, communication and storage resources, it provides a new solution for the bulk data processing. However, the impact caused by the mobility of vehicles brings a challenge to the content scheduling and resource allocation of content dissemination service. In this paper, we propose a time-varying resource relationship graph to model the intertwined impact of the perception, computation, communication and storage resources across multiple snapshots on the content dissemination process of IoV. Based on this graph…
IP Multicast is one of the most absolute method for large bandwidth Internet applications such as video conference, IPTV, E-Learning and Telemedicine etc., But due to security and management reason IP Multicast is not enabled in Internet backbone routers. To achieve these challenges, lot of Application Layer Multicast (ALM) has been proposed. All the existing protocols such as NICE, ZIGZAG and OMNI are trying to reduce average delay by forming a Multicast tree. But still that problem has not been addressed fully. We are proposing a new protocol called NetRawALM, which will address the average …
In this paper, a new queuing model for the Tactile Internet (TI) is proposed for the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) architecture of the next generation wireless networks, e.g., 5G, assisted via orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technology. This model includes both the radio remote head (RRH) and baseband processing unit (BBU) queuing delays and reliability for each end to end (E2E) connection between each pair of tactile users. For this setup, with the aim to minimize the transmit power of users subject to guaranteeing tolerable delay of users, and fronthaul and access …
Migration and replication of virtual network functions (VNFs) are well-known mechanisms to face dynamic resource requests in Internet Service Provider (ISP) edge networks. They are not only used to reallocate resources in carrier networks, but in case of excessive traffic churns also to offloading VNFs to third party cloud providers. We propose to study how traffic forecasting can help to reduce the number of required migrations and replications when the traffic dynamically changes in the network. We analyze and compare three scenarios for the VNF migrations and replications based on: (i) the …
We contend that, analogously to the transition from resource-limited on-prem computing to resource-abundant cloud computing, Internet data delivery should also be adapted to a reality in which the cloud offers a virtually unlimited resource, i.e., network capacity, and virtualization enables delegating local tasks, such as routing and congestion control, to the cloud. This necessitates rethinking the traditional roles of inter- and intra-domain routing and conventional end-to-end congestion control. We introduce Optimized Cloudified Delivery (OCD), a holistic approach for optimizing joint Inte…
Serverless computing is a buzzword that is being used commonly in the world of technology and among developers and businesses. Using the Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) model of serverless, one can easily deploy their applications to the cloud and go live in a matter of days, it facilitates the developers to focus on their core business logic and the backend process such as managing the infrastructure, scaling of the application, updation of software and other dependencies is handled by the Cloud Service Provider. One of the features of serverless computing is ability to scale the containers to z…
Increasing number of the cloud-based Internet applications demands for efficient resource and cost management. This paper proposes a real-time group auction system for the cloud instance market. The system is designed based on a combinatorial double auction, and its applicability and effectiveness are evaluated in terms of resource efficiency and monetary benefits to auction participants (e.g., cloud users and providers). The proposed auction system assists them to decide when and how providers allocate their resources to which users. Furthermore, we propose a distributed algorithm using a gro…
As the number of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) increases, the need for performing on-premises tasks within hospitals or medical centers also increases. Many healthcare organizations are progressively embracing or adopting an edge computing paradigm such that computationally intensive tasks can be processed at the edge of the network in order to avoid latency and network reliability issues associated with offloading tasks to the cloud. The problem, however, hospitals or medical centers may not be equipped with sufficient computing resources that can process advanced ML or AI tasks efficient…
The rapid growth of the world's population demands more natural resources, food, and space. World-renowned physicist Stephan Hawking has argued that soon we will require another world to live on because we are running out of space and natural resources. This ever-increasing demand for resources and space needs novel technologies to explore natural resources, produce more crops, and explore outer space. Internet of X-things (X-IoT) is an enabling technology to overcome all of the above issues. In this article, we have presented an overview of a unified framework of X-IoT. The framework of X-IoT…
The Internet of Things (IoT) is part of Future Internet and will comprise many billions of Internet Connected Objects (ICO) or `things' where things can sense, communicate, compute and potentially actuate as well as have intelligence, multi-modal interfaces, physical/ virtual identities and attributes. Collecting data from these objects is an important task as it allows software systems to understand the environment better. Many different hardware devices may involve in the process of collecting and uploading sensor data to the cloud where complex processing can occur. Further, we cannot expec…
One of the primary challenges facing the Internet of Things is the reservation and efficient consumption of energy resources, especially in those types of applications that require continuous monitoring or suffer from lacking ongoing energy resources. Despite this, the indoor temperature and humidity monitoring systems are unconcerned about the insignificant amount of energy consumed during critical times when sending unimportant or useless data to the control rooms servers. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based approach for reducing the amount of energy spent in indoor temperature and humid…
Domain Resource Integrated System (DRIS) is introduced in this paper. DRIS is a hierarchical distributed Internet information retrieval system. This system will solve some bottleneck problems such as long update interval, poor coverage in current web search system. DRIS will build the information retrieval infrastructure of Internet, but not a commercial search engine. The protocol series of DRIS are also detailed in this paper.
The Tactile Internet (TI) is one of the next generation wireless network services with end to end (E2E) delay as low as 1~ms. Since this ultra low E2E delay cannot be met in the current 4G network architecture, it is necessary to investigate this service in the next generation wireless network by considering new technologies such as network function virtualization (NFV). On the other hand, given the importance of E2E delay in the TI service, it is crucial to consider the delay of all parts of the network, including the radio access part and the NFV core part. In this paper, for the first time,…
With the proliferation of mobile applications, Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) has been proposed to help mobile devices save energy and improve computation performance. To further improve the quality of service (QoS) of MCC, cloud servers can be deployed locally so that the latency is decreased. However, the computational resource of the local cloud is generally limited. In this paper, we design a threshold-based policy to improve the QoS of MCC by cooperation of the local cloud and Internet cloud resources, which takes the advantages of low latency of the local cloud and abundant computational r…
Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the fastest emerging networking paradigms enabling a large number of applications for the benefit of mankind. Advancements in embedded system technology and compressed IPv6 have enabled the support of IP stack in resource constrained heterogeneous smart devices. However, global connectivity and resource constrained characteristics of smart devices have exposed them to different insider and outsider attacks, which put users' security and privacy at risk. Various risks associated with IoT slow down its growth and become an obstruction in the worldwide adoption …
Due to the high bandwidth requirements and stringent delay constraints of multi-user wireless video transmission applications, ensuring that all video senders have sufficient transmission opportunities to use before their delay deadlines expire is a longstanding research problem. We propose a novel solution that addresses this problem without assuming detailed packet-level knowledge, which is unavailable at resource allocation time. Instead, we translate the transmission delay deadlines of each sender's video packets into a monotonically-decreasing weight distribution within the considered tim…
Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Models for Real-World ISP Network Traffic Forecasting
Czech Technical University in Prague（布拉格捷克技术大学）；Faculty of Information Technology（信息技术学院）；Brno University of Technology（布尔诺理工大学）；CESNET, a.l.e.（CESNET公司）
In the Internet of Things (IoT) domain, various heterogeneous ubiquitous devices would be able to connect and communicate with each other seamlessly, irrespective of the domain. Semantic representation of data through detailed standardized annotation has shown to improve the integration of the interconnected heterogeneous devices. However, the semantic representation of these heterogeneous data sources for environmental monitoring systems is not yet well supported. To achieve the maximum benefits of IoT for drought forecasting, a dedicated semantic middleware solution is required. This researc…
The growth of 5G and edge computing has enabled the emergence of Internet of Vehicles. It supports different types of services with different resource and service requirements. However, limited resources at the edge, high mobility of vehicles, increasing demand, and dynamicity in service request-types have made service placement a challenging task. A typical static placement solution is not effective as it does not consider the traffic mobility and service dynamics. Handling dynamics in IoV for service placement is an important and challenging problem which is the primary focus of our work in …
Federated edge learning (FEL) is a promising paradigm of distributed machine learning that can preserve data privacy while training the global model collaboratively. However, FEL is still facing model confidentiality issues due to eavesdropping risks of exchanging cryptographic keys through traditional encryption schemes. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a hierarchical architecture for quantum-secured FEL systems with ideal security based on the quantum key distribution (QKD) to facilitate public key and model encryption against eavesdropping attacks. Specifically, we propose a stochastic …
Adaptive Digital Twin and Communication-Efficient Federated Learning Network Slicing for 5G-enabled Internet of Things
School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学计算机科学与工程学院）；School of Electro-optical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications（重庆邮电大学光电工程学院）；Technische University（工业大学）
This paper proposes a simple and scalable web-based model for grid resource discovery for the Internet. The resource discovery model contains the metadata and resource finder web services. The information of resource finder web services is kept in the repositories that are distributed in the application layer of Internet. The resource finder web services will be discovered by sending queries to the repositories in a similar way as the DNS protocol. The underlying technology for implementation of the two architectures of this model is introduced. These architectures are: Direct and Centralized …
The interconnection of vehicles in the future fifth generation (5G) wireless ecosystem forms the so-called Internet of vehicles (IoV). IoV offers new kinds of applications requiring delay-sensitive, compute-intensive and bandwidth-hungry services. Mobile edge computing (MEC) and network slicing (NS) are two of the key enabler technologies in 5G networks that can be used to optimize the allocation of the network resources and guarantee the diverse requirements of IoV applications. As traditional model-based optimization techniques generally end up with NP-hard and strongly non-convex and non-li…
This paper presents a novel architecture for data analytics targeting an anticipatory learning process in the context of the Internet of Mobile Things. The architecture is geo-distributed and composed by edge, fog, and cloud resources that operate collectively to support such an anticipatory learning process. We designed the architecture to manage large volumes of data streams coming from the IoMT devices, analyze in successive phases climbing up in the hierarchy of resources from edge, fog and cloud. We discuss the characteristics of the analytical tasks at each layer. We notice that the amou…
Spectrum Scarcity is a global problem across the world. This paper emphasizes on the fact that a global problem has to be dealt on global basis, not just locally by applying the principle of global cognitive radio,Global Opportunistic Remote Spectrum Access. The Future Internet and Internet of Things literally scare the communication system designer regarding the available bandwidth and spectrum resources. There is absolutely no scope to waste or under utilize the available resources. Hence the proposed idea of Global Cognitive Radio Concept can undoubtedly solve the resource problems in next …
Domain Resource Integrated System (DRIS) is introduced in this paper. DRIS is a distributed information retrieval system, which will solve problems like poor coverage, long update interval in current web search system. The most distinct character of DRIS is that it's a public opening system, and acts as an internal component of Internet, but not the production of a company. The implementation of DRIS is also represented.
Argonne National Laboratory（阿贡国家实验室）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）
Wide area networking infrastructures (WANs), particularly science and research WANs, are the backbone for moving large volumes of scientific data between experimental facilities and data centers. With demands growing at exponential rates, these networks are struggling to cope with large data volumes, real-time responses, and overall network performance. Network operators are increasingly looking for innovative ways to manage the limited underlying network resources. Forecasting network traffic is a critical capability for proactive resource management, congestion mitigation, and dedicated tran…
Gamers Private Network (GPN) is a client/server technology that guarantees a connection for online video games that is more reliable and lower latency than a standard internet connection. Users of the GPN technology benefit from a stable and high-quality gaming experience for online games, which are hosted and played across the world. After transforming a massive volume of raw networking data collected by WTFast, we have structured the cleaned data into a special-purpose data warehouse and completed the extensive analysis using machine learning and neural nets technologies, and business intell…
